i MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND MINISTRY OF NATIONAL TRAINING DEFENCE ACADEMY OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Nguyen Thanh Binh STUDY ON ACTIVATED PERSULFATE BY ZERO VALENT IRON AND UV TO PRODUCE DUAL OXIDATION SYSTEM TO DEGRADE SOME AZO DYES IN WATER CHEMICAL DOCTORAL THESIS HA NOI - 2019 luan an ii MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND MINISTRY OF NATIONAL TRAINING DEFENCE ACADEMY OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Nguyen Thanh Binh STUDY ON ACTIVATED PERSULFATE BY ZERO VALENT IRON AND UV TO PRODUCE DUAL OXIDATION SYSTEM TO DEGRADE SOME AZO DYES IN WATER Major: Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Code: 9 44 01 19 CHEMICAL DOCTORAL THESIS ACADEMIC SUPERVISORS: 1. TRAN Van Chung 2. DO Ngoc Khue HA NOI - 2019 luan an i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I assure that this is my own research. The research results shown in the thesis are honest.
Scientific conclusions of the thesis have never been published in any other work. The scientific data were fully cited. 15th December 2019 Author Nguyen Thanh Binh luan an ii SPECIAL THANKS TO I would like to express my deep gratitude to Assoc. Tran Van Chung and Prof.
Do Ngoc Khue for guiding deeply in helping me throughout the process of implementing and completing the thesis. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Heads and Staffs of the New Technology Institute/Academy of Military Science and Technology for supporting and creating favorable conditions for me in the process of implementing the thesis. I would like to thank the Heads of the Academy of Military Science and Technology, the Training Department/Academy of Military Science and Technology for helping me throughout the study, research and completion of the thesis. I would like to express my thanks to Heads of College of Chemical Defense Officer/Chemical Corps; Military Institute of Chemical-Environment/Chemical Corps; Institute of Chemistry - Materials/Academy of Military Science and Technology; Institute of Chemistry/Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; Department of Chemistry/VNU University of Science/Vietnam National University, Hanoi; Department of Chemistry/Hanoi National University of Education helped, during the thesis implementation.
Sincere thanks to my family, relatives, colleagues and friends for caring, supporting, encouraging me to complete this project. luan an iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF SIGNS AND ABBREVIATION vi LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF GRAPHS xii INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1 OVERVIEW 5 1. The basic concept of the oxidation processes based on free radicals 5 1. The concept and classification of advanced oxidation processes 5 1.
The advanced oxidation processes based on free hydroxyl radicals 7 1. The advanced oxidation processes based on free sulfate radicals 11 1. Status of treatment technology for textile dye wastewater 22 1. Concept, classification of dyes 22 1.
Dye-contaminated wastewater 27 1. Current situation of domestic and foreign researches on 28 treatment technology of textile dye wastewater 1. Conclusion of chapter 1 31 Chapter 2 RESEARCH SUBJECT AND METHODOLOGY 33 2. Instruments and chemicals 33 2.
Methods of analysis 34 2. High performance liquid chromatography method 34 2. Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry method 37 2. The volumetric titration method determining the concentration 37 of S2O82 luan an iv 2.
Survey, evaluating the decomposition efficiency of AZOs in 39 systems: ZVI/AZOs, PS/AZOs, ZVI/PS/AZOs and ZVI/AZOs/UV, PS/AZOs/UV, ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV 2. Survey of factors affecting on the degradation efficiency of 40 AZOs in systems: ZVI/PS/AZOs and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV 2. Qualitative survey of free radicals OH and SO4 in 42 ZVI/PS/AZOs and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV systems 2. Quantitative survey of free radicals OH and SO4 in 44 ZVI/PS/AZOs and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV systems 2.
The theoretical equations applied in reaction kinetic research 44 2. The basis of quantum computing methods 48 2. Treatment of dye wastewater of La Phu, Duong Noi and Van 51 Phuc villages Chapter 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 52 3. Survey, evaluating the efficiency of the PS activation methods under 52 different conditions 3.
The activated PS systems without UV 52 3. The activated PS systems with UV 56 3. Factors affect the AZOs decomposition in systems of 60 activated PS by ZVI under without and with UV conditions 3.2 Investigation of the kinetic characteristics of the AZOs 79 decomposition process in the activated persulfate system 3. The kinetic characteristics of the AZOs decomposition in 80 systems without UV 3.
The kinetic characteristics of the AZOs decomposition in 82 system with UV 3. Results of calculating thermodynamic parameters according 86 to Arrhenius and Eyring equations for systems: ZVI/PS/AZOs and luan an v ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV 3. Research to determine free radicals OH and SO4 in the activated 97 persulfate systems by ZVI without UV and with UV 3. Qualitative study of free radicals OH and SO4 in the 97 ZVI/PS/AZOs system.
Studying on quantification of free radicals OH, SO4 in the 99 activated persulfate systems by ZVI without and with UV 3. Calculating some quantumn structural parameters and proposing 110 MO, AY and BT decomposition mechanism in the activated persulfate system 3. Some structural parameters and ability of decomposing AZOs 110 3. The estimated mechanism of the AZOs decomposing in the 113 activated persulfate systems 3.
Application of the activated persulfate system with UV to treat azo- 118 contaminated wastewater from some textile dyeing villages CONCLUSION 122 LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS 125 LIST OF REFERENCES 126 Appendix luan an vi LIST OF SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS Signs Meaning λ Wavelength (nm) I Light intensity (Lux) ∆H Activated Enthalpy (kJ/mol) ∆S Activated Entropy (J/mol.K) Molecular orbital function kB Boltzmann constant (1.K-1) K# The reaction equilibrium constant forming an activated complex ε Adsorption constant (M-1cm-1) R Gas constant (R=1.s) k Reaction rate constant C i Linear combination factor H(%) Efficiency Ea Activation energy (J/mole) E Total energy of the molecule ∆G Free Gibbs energy (kJ/mol) ∆G Free activation Gibbs energy (kJ/mol) T Kelvin temperature (K) C Mole concentration (mole/L) i The orbital function i v Light frequency (Hz) E Redox standard potential (V) V Volume (L) A Pre-exponential constant Tˆe The kinetic energy operator of electron Ĥ The Hamilton operator luan an vii The potential energy operator of interaction Uˆ e e between nucleus and electron The potential energy operator of interaction Uˆ n e between electron and electron r Reaction rate Abbreviation Phrases are abbreviated 2,4- D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy acetic acid AC Activated Carbon AC-MW Activated Carbon – Micro wave ANPOs Advanced Non-Photochemical Oxidation Processes AO7 Orange 7 acid AOPs Advanced Oxidation Processes APOPs Advanced Photochemical Oxidation Processes - APOPs AY Alizarine Yellow R AZOs The general form, which represents one of the azo: MO, AY and BT BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BT Mordant Black-T BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Methylbenzene, Xylene C.I Color Index COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DCE 1,2-dichloroethene DNT 2,4-dinitro toluene EDTA Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid ETA Ethanol alcohol The Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyes and ETAD Organic Pigments Manufacturers HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma- Mas Spectrometry ISCO In Situ Chemical Oxidation luan an viii IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry LD50 Lethal dose 50% MO Methyl Orange MTBE Methyl tert-butyl ete MW Micro wave NTA Citric nitrile triacetate acid PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PCA p-chloaniline PCB28 2,4,4’- Trichloro biphenyl PCE Perchloro ethene PS Persulfate PVA Polyvinyl alcohol SMT Sunfamethazine TBA Tert-butyl alcohol TCA 1,1,1-trichloro ethane TCE Trichloroethylene TNT Trinitrotoluene TOC Total organic carbon TRGS 905 Technischen Regeln für Gefahrstoffe 905 UV Ultraviolet UV-Vis Ultraviolet - visible VOCs Volatile organic compounds ZVI Zero valent iron luan an ix LIST OF TABLES Pages Table 1. The standard reduction potential EOx/Re of some oxidation agents 5 Table 1. Some advanced oxidation processes without UV radiation 6 Table 1. Some advanced oxidation processes with UV radiation 6 Table 1.
The reactions may occur during the Fenton process 9 Table 1. Some physical properties of persulfate salts 12 Table 1. Physical properties of MO 25 Table 1. Physical properties of AY 26 Table 1.
Physical properties of BT 27 Table 2. The retention time (tR) corresponding to the peak HPLC of MO, 35 AY and BT Table 2. The reaction rate constants between ETA, TBA with OH, SO4 42 Table 2. The qualitative experiements of OH, SO4 in ZVI/PS/AZOs system 43 Table 3.
Results of effecting of [ZVI] on the decomposition efficiency of 61 AZOs in systems ZVI/PS/AZOs (HAZOs %) and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV (HAZOs. Results of effecting of [PS] on the decomposition efficiency of 64 AZOs in systems ZVI/PS/AZOs (HAZOs %) and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV (HAZOs. Results of effecting of [AZOs] on the decomposition efficiency 68 of AZOs in systems ZVI/PS/AZOs (HAZOs %) and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV (HAZOs,UV %) Table 3. Results of effecting of pH on the decomposition efficiency of 72 AZOs in systems ZVI/PS/AZOs (HAZOs %) and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV (HAZOs,UV %) Table 3.
Results of effecting of temperature on the decomposition 76 efficiency of AZOs in systems ZVI/PS/AZOs (HAZOs %) and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV (HAZOs,UV %) (HAZOs,UV %). luan an x Table 3. The temperature effecting on the AZOs reaction kinetics of in 85 the ZVI/PS/AZOs system and the ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV systems Table 3. Activation energy Ea and pre-exponential constant (A) according 88 to Arrhenius equation for systems: ZVI/PS/AZOs and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV Table 3.
Results of calculating H#, S# and G# according to Eyring 93 equation in the systems: ZVI/PS/AZOs and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV Table 3. Reactions occuring in systems: 100 ZVI/PS/AZOs and ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV Table 3. The calculation results of [SO4], [HO] and k17, k18 in the 107 ZVI/PS/AZOs system and the ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV system Table 3. The kinetic equations of reactions between AZOs and HO, SO4 109 in the ZVI/PS/AZOs system and the ZVI/PS/AZOs/UV system Table 3.
The quantum parameters of MO, AY and BT molecular 111 Table 3. The needed amount of PS and ZVI to wastewater 118 solutions of the textile dyeing villages Table 3. Results of pre-treatment and post-treatment analysis of textile dye 119 wastewater in villages of Duong Noi, La Phu and Van Phuc luan an xi LIST OF GRAPHS Pages Figure 2. Diagram of a reaction device for UV 33 heated activated persulfate process Figure 2.
The calibration curve for determining MO concentration by HPLC 36 Figure 2. The calibration curve for determining AY concentration by HPLC 36 Figure 2. The calibration curve for determining BT concentration by HPLC 36 Figure 2. The reaction process according to the theory of active 46 Figure 2.
Graph of dependence ln (k /T) on 1/T 47 Figure 3. The decomposition efficiency of MO, AY and BT 52 in systems: 1. ZVI/AY and 3. ZVI/BT Figure 3.
The decomposition efficiency of MO, AY and BT 53 in systems: 1. PS/AY and 3. PS/BT Figure 3. The decomposition efficiency of MO, AY and BT 54 in systems: 1.
ZVI/PS/MO, 2. ZVI/PS/AY and 3. ZVI/PS/BT Figure 3. The decomposition efficiency of MO, AY and BT in systems: 56 1.
ZVI/MO/UV, 2. ZVI/AY/UV and 3. ZVI/BT/UV Figure 3. The decomposition efficiency of MO, AY and BT in systems: 57 1.
PS/MO/UV, 2. PS/AY/UV and 3. PS/BT/UV Figure 3. The composition efficiency of MO, AY and BT in systems: 58 1.
ZVI/PS/MO/UV, 2. ZVI/PS/AY/UV and 3. ZVI/PS/BT/UV Figure 3. Comparing the decomposition efficiency of MO in systems: 59 1.ZVI/PS/MO and 4.ZVI/PS/MO/UV Figure 3.
Comparing the decomposition efficiency of AY in systems: 59 1.ZVI/PS/AY and 4.ZVI/PS/AY/UV Figure 3. Comparing the decomposition efficiency of BT in systems 59 1.ZVI/PS/BT and 4.ZVI/PS/BT/UV Figure 3. Effect of [ZVI] on the MO decomposition efficiency 62 in systems: ZVI/PS/MO, ZVI/PS/MO/UV at 30 minutes luan an xii Figure 3. Effect of [ZVI] on the AY decomposition efficiency 62 in systems: ZVI/PS/AY, ZVI/PS/AY/UV for 30 minutes Figure 3.
Effect of [ZVI] on the BT decomposition efficiency 62 in systems: ZVI/PS/BT, ZVI/PS/BT/UV for 30 minutes Figure 3. Effect of [PS] on the MO decomposition efficiency 65 in systems: ZVI/PS/MO, ZVI/PS/MO/UV for 30 minutes Figure 3. Effect of [PS] on the AY decomposition efficiency 66 in systems: ZVI/PS/AY, ZVI/PS/AY/UV for 30 minutes Figure 3. Effect of [PS] on the BT decomposition efficiency 66 in systems: ZVI/PS/BT, ZVI/PS/BT/UV for 30 minutes Figure 3.