University of Liege, Belgium Vietnam National University, Hanoi JOINT MASTER PROGRAM IN BIOTECHNOLOGY ----- ----- TRAN THI LOAN EFFECTS OF SOME PLANT PROTEINASE INHIBITORS ON SEVERAL BACTERIA INFLUENCED MEAT QUALITY Major: Biotechnology Code: 60 42 02 01 MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: Prof. Dr of Sc. Pham Thi Tran Chau Hanoi, 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I first and foremost would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Prof. Dr of Sc.
Pham Thi Tran Chau, for her excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an excellent atmosphere for doing research, patiently corrected my writing and financially supported my research. I would also like to express heartfelt thanks to the Microbiology Department in Institute of VN National Nutrition and VTCC of Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology (IMBT) for providing the bacterial samples for my study. Special thanks are given to The Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology - IMBT, my research would not have been possible without their helps. And I also would like to thank my colleagues and staff members at the IMBT for making me feel welcome and providing guidance whenever I needed.
I am grateful to all the lecturers of Vietnam National University, Hanoi (Vietnam) and University of Liege (Belgium) for their helpful scientific lecturers. I would like to thank my family and my friends for always supporting and encouraging me with their best wishes. Hanoi, 2014 TRAN THI LOAN i ABBREVIATIONS CFU – Colony Forming Unit CM - Culture medium CMPIs - Cucurbita maxima proteinase inhibitors EHEC - Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli EIEC - Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli EPEC - Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ETEC - Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli IMBT - Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology LB - Luria Bertami LEE - Locus for enterocyte effacement MCoPIs-75 - Momordica cochinchinensis proteinase inhibitors purified by G-75 NIN - National Institute of Nutrition PA - Proteolytic activity PAG - Polyacrylamide gel PIA - Proteinase inhibitory activity PPIs – Proteinous proteinase inhibitors SDS - PAGE - Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis STEC - Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli Stx - Shiga toxins VTCC - Vietnam Type Culture Collection ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Herbicides contaminants on food .2: Food containing natural toxins .3: Some common foodborn virus on human .4: Some common bacteria cause food poisoning. cereus on selective isolated medium.
coli on MacConkey agar .7: Mechanism of calpain catalyzed meat proteolysis .8: Exterior and cross-sectional interior of Gac .9: Exterior and cross-sectional interior of pumkin .1: Experimental arrangement for Ebe method .1: Antibacterial activity of MCoPIs-75 on studied bacteria by diffusion method .2: Antibacterial activity of CMPIs on 04 studied bacteria.3: Effect of culture time on the PA of bacteria broths.4: PA of studied bacteria at the chosen time .5: Effect of pH on PA of studied bacteria .6: Effect of MCoPIs-75 on PA of bacteria .7: Effect of CMPIs on PA of bacteria .8: Electrophoregram of PA (a) and PIA (b) of the studied B.9: The meat-spoilage bacteria Bacillus cereus .10: The meat-spoilage bacteria E.11: The isolated bacteria 1 (might be B.12: The isolated bacteria 2 (might be E.13: The suspensions of meat samples .14: Obtain meat fluid from piece meat samples .15: The soluble proteins of piece meat samples .16: The soluble proteins of ground meat samples .17: Electrophoretic programs of soluble protein bands of meat samples (from Figure 3.18: The hydrolytic products of piece meat samples treated with MCoPIs- 75 .19: The hydrolytic products of ground meat treated with MCoPIs-75 .20: The hydrolytic products of meat samples treated CMPIs at different time intervals .21: Comparing the difference of the experimental and control samples of meat prepared in two ways:. 63 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Diameters of antibacterial zone of MCoPIs-75 on the studied bacteria .2: Diameters of antibacterial zone of CMPIs on studied bacteria .3: Effect of MCoPIs-75 and CMPIs on PA of the studied bacteria .4: Preparing meat samples for Ebe method .5: The change in colour of meat samples treated in different ways.6: Microscopy photogragh of meat samples treated in different ways .7: The average of total number of aerobic bacteria isolated from meat samples (CFU/g). 53 v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT. ii LIST OF FIGURES.
iii LIST OF TABLES. Major causes of food poisoning. Mechanism of meat spoilage. Preservation of meat.
Proteinous proteinase inhibitors (PPIs) from plant in Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Antibacterial activity of MCoPIs-75 and CMPIs solution .2 Protein determination according to Lowry method .3 Method for obtaining extracellular protease from bacterial culturing. Proteolytic products determination.
Proteolytic activity (PA) and proteinase inhibitory activity (PIA) by diffusion method. Evaluate freshness of piece meat samples by Ebe method. SDS-PAGE study of soluble protein from meat. Zymogram investigation of PA and PIA.
Methods for evaluation of contaminated bacteria in local market meat. Application MCoPIs-75 and CMPIs to prolong storage time of fresh meat from Ngoc Lam market, Long Bien District, Hanoi. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Antibacterial activity of MCoPIs-75 and CMPIs.
Antibacterial activity of MCoPIs-75. Antibacterial activity of CMPIs. Effect of incubate times on PA in the culture medium of these bacteria. Effect of pH on PA from studied bacteria.
Effect of MCoPIs-75 and CMPIs on PA from the four studied bacteria. Zymographic study of PIA from MCoPIs-75 solution. Effect of MCoPIs-75 and CMPIs on meat freshness. Evaluate the meat freshness by Ebe method.
The soluble proteins and the hydrolytic products of meat. 66 Appendix I: Colony morphology and microscopic morphology of some bacteria isolated from rancid meat sample. 74 Appendix II: The effect of MCoPIs-75 on two types of meat samples. 76 Appendix III: Effect of MCoPIs-75 and CMPIs on meat freshness was carried out in Ngoc Lam market, Long Bien District, Hanoi, 26.
78 viii ABSTRACT In this thesis, we investigated the effect of the proteinous proteinase inhibitor preparation from Momordica cochinchinensis seed extract (MCoPIs - 75) and pumpkin seed extract (CMPIs) on the preservation of meat against 16 bacterial strains. These strains were named in the list of microorganisms restricted in meat by the Vietnamese Ministry of Health. The result showed that the growth of only 4 of these strains was strongly inhibited by MCoPIs-75/CMPIs, including: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus 3, Bacillus cereus 81, and Escherichia coli. Researches on cultural conditions for obtaining proteolytic activity of these 4 strains in LB medium were at 370C, 200 rpm / min from 24 to 96 hours.
The results indicated the highest alkaline proteolytic activity of B. coli reached at 48 hrs and those of B. cereus 81 reached at 60 hrs. PA of these bacteria at pH 7.6 was higher than at pH 6.
The supernatant of these studied bacteria at chosen conditions was obtained and used for further experiments. By diffusion method using casein as a substrate and zymography, the study demonstrated that the proteolytic activity of these 4 strains was partially or completely inhibited by MCoPIs - 75 and CMPIs solutions. To evaluate the applicability of MCoPIs-75/CMPIs on the preservation of meat, a series of experiments including the evaluation of the freshness of meat by Ebe method, as well as the determination of proteolytic products of the meat samples through color reaction with Folin - Ciocalteu reagent and the determination of total soluble protein by Lowry method has been conducted. The results showed that the meat samples treated with MCoPIs-75/CMPIs were remained fresh for a time longer than the control samples.
Moreover the amount of hydrolytic products or total soluble proteins amount from the meat samples treated with these inhibitor solutions was from 1.4 times respectively lower than the corresponding control samples. Additionally, electrophoresis of total soluble proteins from the 1 meat samples treated with MCoPIs-75 showed the number of protein bands (both the bands possessing low and high molecular weight) of these samples was less than those of the control samples. All the investigation results allowed to conclude that there is a positive effect of MCoPIs-75/CMPIs on keeping freshness of meat and delaying meat- spoilage process due to their inhibitory activity against proteolytic activity of the dominant bacteria associated with meat, namely B. This opened the new way preserving meat by application of these plant inhibitor solutions.
Finally, outdoor fact testing effect of MCoPIs - 75 and CMPIs on meat at Ngoc Thuy market, Long Bien, Hanoi also gave good results which confirm the applicability of the studied inhibitor solutions. 2 TÓM TẮT Tên luận văn: Nghiên cứu tác dụng của một số chất ức chế proteinase có nguồn gốc protein thực vật ñến một số vi khuẩn gây ảnh hưởng chất lượng thịt Người hướng dẫn: GS. Phạm Thị Trân Châu Viện Vi sinh vật và Công nghệ sinh học, ðại học Quốc gia Hà nội Ngành: Công nghệ Sinh học Chuyên ngành: Công nghệ Sinh học Mã số: 60 42 02 01 Luận văn này ñã sử dụng 16 chủng vi khuẩn làm ñối tượng nghiên cứu, nhằm thăm dò bước ñầu tác dụng của các chất ức chế chiết xuất từ hạt gấc (MCoPIs-75) và từ hạt bí (CMPIs) ñể bảo quản thịt. Theo quy ñịnh về An toàn thực phẩm của Bộ Y tế Việt nam, các chủng này là các vi khuẩn gây hỏng thịt và bị giới hạn về số lượng có trên bề mặt thịt.
Kết quả bước ñầu cho thấy MCoPIs-75/CMPIs có khả năng ức chế mạnh sinh trưởng của 4 chủng: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus 3, Bacillus cereus 81 và Escherichia coli. Nhằm thu lượng ñủ proteinaz của 4 chủng này cho các thí nghiệm tiếp sau, các chủng ñã ñược nuôi trong môi trường LB ở 370C, 200 vòng/phút, từ 24 ñến 96 giờ. Phân tích số liệu thu ñược, hoạt ñộ phân giải protein (PA) của chúng ñạt mức cao nhất sau 48-60 giờ nuôi. PA của dịch môi trường nuôi cấy khi ñược xác ñịnh ở các pH khác nhau ñã cho thấy PA tại pH = 7.6 cao hơn pH = 6; 7 và 9.
Tiếp ñó, thông qua việc sử dụng phương pháp khuếch tán trên ñĩa thạch và phương pháp ñiện di ñã nhận thấy MCoPIs-75 và CMPIs có khả năng ức chế từng phần hoặc ức chế hoàn toàn proteinaz các chủng nghiên cứu. Với mục ñích ñánh giá khả năng ứng dụng của MCoPIs-75/CMPIs trong bảo quản thịt, một loạt thí nghiệm ñã ñược tiến hành bao gồm: ñánh giá ñộ tươi của thịt 3 bằng phương pháp Ebe, xác ñịnh hàm lượng protein tan của các mẫu thịt bằng phương pháp Lowry và xác ñịnh hàm lượng sản phẩm thủy phân protein qua phản ứng với thuốc thử Folin - Ciocalteu. Các kết quả nghiên cứu ñều cho thấy tất cả các mẫu thịt ñã xử lý với MCoPIs-75/CMPIs tươi lâu hơn so với các mẫu ñối chứng tương ứng. Hàm lượng protein tan tổng số cũng như hàm lượng sản phẩm thủy phân từ các mẫu thịt ñã xử lý với MCoPIs-75/CMPIs luôn thấp hơn khoảng 1,4 – 3,4 lần so với các mẫu ñối chứng tương ứng.
Tiến hành ñiện di protein tan của dịch chiết các mẫu thịt, kết quả cũng chỉ ra số lượng băng protein của mẫu thí nghiệm ít hơn hẳn số băng của mẫu ñối chứng, cả các băng có khối lượng phân tử thấp cũng như các băng có khối lượng phân tử cao. Như vậy, tất cả các kết quả ñiều tra ñã cho phép khẳng ñịnh tác ñộng tích cực của MCoPIs-75 và CMPIs ñối với việc giữ ñộ tươi của thịt và làm chậm quá trình hỏng thịt bằng khả năng ức chế của các dịch chiết này ñối với hoạt tính phân giải protein của các vi khuẩn chiếm ưu thế trên thịt, cụ thể là B. ðiều này ñã mở ra hướng ứng dụng mới trong bảo quản thịt an toàn bằng dịch chiết thực vật.