VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES *********************** TẠ THU HẰNG AN ACTION RESEARCH PROJECT ON USING MNEMONICS IN IMPROVING VOCABULARY RETENTION FOR THE FORMAL COLLEGE STUDENTS IN COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES (BAC GIANG PROVINCE) IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2015-2016 (MỘT NGHIÊN CỨU HÀNH ĐỘNG VỀ VIỆC SỬ DỤNG THUẬT CẢI THIỆN TRÍ NHỚ TRONG VIỆC NÂNG CAO KHẢ NĂNG GHI NHỚ TỪ VỰNG CHO SINH VIÊN HỆ CAO ĐẲNG CHÍNH QUY, TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG KỸ THUẬT CÔNG NGHIỆP (TỈNH BẮC GIANG) TRONG NĂM HỌC 2015-2016) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60140111 HANOI – 2017 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES *********************** TẠ THU HẰNG AN ACTION RESEARCH PROJECT ON USING MNEMONICS IN IMPROVING VOCABULARY RETENTION FOR THE FORMAL COLLEGE STUDENTS IN COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES (BAC GIANG PROVINCE) IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2015-2016 (MỘT NGHIÊN CỨU HÀNH ĐỘNG VỀ VIỆC SỬ DỤNG THUẬT CẢI THIỆN TRÍ NHỚ TRONG VIỆC NÂNG CAO KHẢ NĂNG GHI NHỚ TỪ VỰNG CHO SINH VIÊN HỆ CAO ĐẲNG CHÍNH QUY, TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG KỸ THUẬT CÔNG NGHIỆP (TỈNH BẮC GIANG) TRONG NĂM HỌC 2015-2016) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60140111 Supervisor: Prof. Nguyễn Hòa HANOI – 2017 z DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “AN ACTION RESEARCH PROJECT ON USING MNEMONICS IN IMPROVING VOCABULARY RETENTION FOR THE FORMAL COLLEGE STUDENTS IN COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES (BAC GIANG PROVINCE) IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2015-2016” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree at University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi and that this thesis has not been submitted to any degree at any other universities or institutions.
Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis. Hanoi, 2017 Tạ Thu Hằng i z ACKNOWLEGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Nguyễn Hòa, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher.
A special word of thanks goes to my colleagues at my working place and many others, without whose support and encouragement it would have never been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished. Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family members for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work. ii z ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the four mnemonic strategies in short-term and long-term vocabulary retention of formal college students. With the use of the pre-tests, the post-tests and the questionnaire, 22 college students in College of Industrial Techniques (Bac Giang province) were randomly assigned into the control group and the experimental group, in which the control group was taught 69 items in three teaching sessions with the traditional vocabulary instruction of repeating, translation and example sentence explanation while the experimental group was received these vocabulary items with the four mnemonic devices named keyword method, visual mnemonic (pictures), grouping or semantic organization and physical response method.
The results indicated that after the treatment, the four mnemonic strategies were really effective in vocabulary retention for students; the participants from the experimental group showed their improvement in recalling vocabulary items in short-term and long-term better than those from the control group. Moreover, the participants’ attitudes towards the training scheme and the four used memory strategies were also discussed. iii z TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration. iii Table of contents.
iv List of tables and figures. vii PART 1 – INTRODUCTION. Rationale of the Study. Aims and objectives of the study.
Statement of the research questions. Scope of the study. Significance of the study. Method of the study .4 PART 2- LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .Types of vocabulary.Importance of vocabulary .Ways and strategies to teach vocabulary .Vocabulary retention and memory.
Classification of mnemonics. Efficiency of using mnemonics for information and vocabulary retention and recall .15 PART 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Restatement of research questions. Context of the study.
Setting of the study. Participants - Subject of the study. Implementation of the Action Research. Data analysis procedure .34 PART 4 - DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION.
The result of the homogeneity test. Research question 1 (Identifying the problems): What are the problems that the students encounter in their vocabulary retention?. The result of pre-test 2. Research question 2: Is mnemonics effective in improving short-term vocabulary retention for the formal college students of College of Industrial Techniques in the academic year 2015-2016?.
Results from the immediate post-test 1. Result from the immediate post-test 2. Result from the immediate post-test 3. Research question 3: Is mnemonics effective in improving long-term vocabulary retention for the formal college students of College of Industrial Techniques in the academic year 2015-2016?.
Research question 4: What are the students’ attitudes towards using mnemonic strategies in vocabulary retention? .1 The participants’ attitudes towards the strategy training scheme. The participants’ interest towards the four mnemonic strategies. Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further study .XXIX vi z LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: Nation’s vocabulary learning strategies (Nation, 2001) Table 2: The schedule of the action implementation Table 3: Results from pre-test 1 Table 4: Result of the control group in the immediate post-test 1 Table 5: Result of the experimental group in the immediate post-test 1 Table 6: Result of the control group in the immediate post-test 2 Table 7: Result of the experimental group in the immediate post-test 2 Table 8: Result of the control group in the immediate post-test 3 Table 9: Result of the experimental group in the immediate post-test 3 Table 10: Result of the control group in the delayed post-test Table 11: Result of the experimental group in the delayed post-test Table 12: Importance of the strategy training scheme Table 13: Effectiveness of the strategy training scheme Table 14: Pleasure during the strategy training scheme Table 15: Student’ preference of four mnemonic strategies Figure 1: Action research cycle Figure 2: Results from pre-test 1 Figure 3: Result of selection between the control and experimental groups in the immediate post-test 1 Figure 4: The overall performance between the control group and the experimental group in the immediate post-test 1 Figure 5: Result of selection between the control and experimental groups in the immediate post-test 2 Figure 6: The overall performance between the control group and the experimental group in the immediate post-test 2 Figure 7: Result of selection between the control and experimental groups in the immediate post-test 3 vii z Figure 8: The overall performance between the control group and the experimental group in the immediate post-test 3 Figure 9: The general performance between the control group and the experimental group in all the immediate post-tests Figure 10: Result of selection between the control and experimental groups in the delayed post-test Figure 11: The overall performance between the control group and the experimental group in the delayed post-test Figure 12: Importance of the strategy training scheme Figure 13: Effectiveness of strategy training scheme Figure 14: Pleasure during the strategy training scheme viii z PART 1 – INTRODUCTION In this part, I will present the rationale, the aims and objectives, the statement of the research question, the scope, the significance, the method and the structural organization of the study.
Rationale of the Study For the past 20 years in Vietnam, English has become very important in many aspects of life and the activity of teaching and learning English is also paid much more attention to as well. In order to learn English well, together with the investment in improving English skills such as listening, reading, writing, speaking, the role of vocabulary and vocabulary learning cannot be neglected because vocabulary helps to build up the core of knowledge and it is the foundation to facilitate the learning. The English learners possibly know how to use the grammar and structures correctly but without having a sufficient vocabulary, they cannot speak, write and use English well. Therefore, at any time of English learning, vocabulary should be given the top priority and major importance.
Thornburry (2002) stressed on the importance of learning words in the course book titled “Innovations” that “If you spend most of your time studying grammar, your English will not improve very much. You will see most improvement if you learn more words or expressions. You can say very little with grammar, but you can say almost everything with words”. Consequently, it is worth doing research on vocabulary learning strategies to facilitate the vocabulary learning to enhance English learning success and achievement.
Secondly, I have been teaching English for more than three years in a technical college where English is a required subject. Before carrying out this research, I carried out a test (pre-test 1) with students on how well they can remember the words and to check whether they could remember the words they had learned as well as find out their difficulty in remembering words. The result showed that the biggest problem encountering my students in vocabulary retention was although they saw the words familiar; they could not retrieve the meanings. This fact 1 z resulted from the lack of necessary techniques for remembering vocabulary.
That is the reason why there should be a study on an effective vocabulary leaning method for my students. Moreover, there has never been any research or study on improving vocabulary remembering efficiency for students at my college – College of Industrial Technique. It is that current situation in my teaching that really encourages me to find a better way to make my students interested in learning and remembering new words. To conclude, the study proceeds from two main reasons.
The first lies in realizing the importance of learning vocabulary to English learners. The second reason is based on the present circumstance facing my students in vocabulary retention and the fact that no available research has been carried out in this field at my college. Therefore, I have chosen to focus on vocabulary learning and teaching in my study project report to make my students improve their performance of recalling words. Aims and objectives of the study The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of mnemonics on improving vocabulary retention of the formal college students in College of Industrial Techniques, Bac Giang city, Bac Giang province.
With the above aim, the specific objectives of this study are as follows: - Identify the biggest problems facing students in their vocabulary retention; - Investigate the effectiveness of mnemonic devices in short-term vocabulary retention of students; - Investigate the effectiveness of mnemonic devices in long-term vocabulary retention of students; - Find out the students’ attitude towards using mnemonic strategies in vocabulary retention. Statement of the research questions Based on the above given aim, the objectives and the background of the research, the research questions can be formulated as follows: 2 z a. What are some biggest problems that the students encounter in their vocabulary retention? b. To what extent is mnemonics effective in improving short-term vocabulary retention for the formal college students of College of Industrial Techniques in the academic year 2015-2016? c.
To what extent is mnemonics effective in improving long-term vocabulary retention for the formal college students of College of Industrial Techniques in the academic year 2015-2016? d. What are the students’ attitudes towards using mnemonic strategies in vocabulary retention? 1.