CHUONG XII S V KY D I E U CUA A M NHAC Am nhac - chiec cau noi giua tam hdn va cam xuc. BEETHOVEN Nha bac hpc vi dai Albert Einstein dang phai vat lpn vcri mot cong thdc rat phuc tap. Cau tra ldi cho nhirng tran trd van ne tranh ong. Ong la ngudi say me vdi tieng dan vi cam tir khi len sau.
Cam cay dan len va ngay lap tdc ong thay minh lac vao the gidi khac la. Ong dang song trong giai dieu nhimg ban sonata ciia hai thien tai Beethoven va Mozart. Dpt nhien, dng dung phat day. Cau tra ldi cho van de ve vat ly da xuat hien trong tam tri dng.
Ong reo len: "Ta hieu rdi!" "Mpt giai phap da dpt nhien xua't hien trong suy nghi ciia anh ay", em gai dng nhd lai va khang dinh rang am nhac nhu da "lam cho dau dc ciia anh ay thu gian, tao dieu kien cho anh suy nghi". 297 KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI Ngudi con trudng ciia ong ke lai: "Bait ky khi nao cam tha'y ciing dudng hoac lam vao mQt tinh huong kho khan trong cong viec, ong lai an minh vao am nhac va do chinh la giai phap cho tat ca nhung kho khan ciia ong." Ban than Einstein cung da noi ve niem dam me ciia ong danh cho am nhac va nhung nghien ciiu vat ly ciia minh rang: "Ca hai duQc sinh ra ciing mQt liic va ho trd cho nhau. Am nhac la nghe thuat suy nghi bang giai di'eu. Jules Combarie Nhu vay, am nhac la nguon dinh duong tinh than vo gia ciia nhung thien tai \ i dai nha't, dong gdp vao sU phat trien mang tinh dipt bien ciia nen khoa hQC the gidi the ky XX.
Tu* nhan vat vi dai t6i mot nhan vat hai htfofc? Charlie Brown. Qua la ky quae khi dat nhirng nghien ciiu vi dai ciia Einstein canh cac nhan vat ciia mQt trong nhiing loat phim hoat hinh ndi tieng nhait the gidi - Peanuts. Tuy nhien, tren thyc te, ca hai deu co diem ttfcrng dong khi nha biem hQa Charles Schulz tin rang am nhac chinh la ngudn cam hiing dang sau each nhin cuoc song rat ky la, thong qua nhiing nhan vat ma ong tao nen. Schulz noi: "Toi da nghi ra khong biet bao nhieu y tudng tai nhirng buoi hda nhac.
Tdi nghi tat ca chiing ta deu trai qua 298 COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL cam giac nhu bi thoi mien khi xem ngudi nhac trudng chi huy gian giao hudng. Khi dd, tam tri ciia toi bat dau mo mang. Sau do, chiing ta nhan ra rang am nhac chi con dong lai chiit it rdi bien mat.
Dieu nay that sir khien ban phat dien khi biet rang ban da dpi ba thang rong de nghe ban Concerto thir hai ciia Brahms. Nhung rdi rot cupc, ban nhan ra rang minh da nghi ve mot di'eu gi khac khi nghe nhac. Va ban cho ring: " That la lang phi thdi gian." Nhung khi suy nghi theo each nay, tam tri ciia ban bat dau nghi het dieu nay tdi di'eu khac va bat chpt, ban co cam giac thang hoa ciing am nhac - chinh tir cam xiic nay, chiing ta co the nay sinh nhirng y tudng tuyet vdi nha't." Khong phai ai ciing la ngtrcii Hy Lap. Cach do hang the ky, trudc khi nha vat ly hpc va nha biem hpa kham pha ra siic manh ky dieu ciia am nhac, Plato ciing da khong kiem ldi khi mieu ta am nhac la "mpt cong cu than ky hon bat ke mpt cong cu nao khac cho nen giao due." Ong tin rang am nhac chinh la mon hpc dau tien tre nen hpc.
Ong co cam giac rang khi tap trung vao nhiing giai dieu va sir phdi am nhe nhang, toan bp y thdc ciia tre dupe sap xep mpt each "ngan nap" theo trat tu. Khi ngon ngii ddi di, am nhac se den. Heinrich Heine 299 KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TQC THE' KY XXI Vao thdi ky Trung cd, cac tu si da sd dyng am nhac de giup hp nhd dUQc nhutig doan Kinh thanh rat dai. Bac si Georgi Lozanov, cha de ciia phuong phap hoc sieu tdc, da khang dinh miic anh hudng ldn ciia am nhac trong viec thiic day sir phat trien ciia tri tup.
Lozanov nhan ra rang giai dieu ciia loai nhac Baroque co anh hudng ldn tdi kha nang tiep nhan va nhd duoc thdng tin. Vao giua nhutig nam 1600 tdi nam 1750, nhutig nha sang tac nhac Baroque nhu Handel, Vivaldi, Corelli, Telemann va Johann Sebastian Bach - la nhung ngudi ddng vai trd chii chot trong \iec tao ra thU am nhac cd tac dung nang cao tinh than va giai thoat tam tri con ngudi khdi nhutig ndi lo tran tuc. Nhac Baroque deu, trang nghiem vdi nhip la 60 phach mdt phut, tuong duong vdi bien dd cua song nao khi nd d tinh trang thu gian. Day chinh la bien dd song nao alpha.
Tinh trang thu gian ciia tri dc chinh la di'eu kien ly tudng cho viec hoc. NhUng ngudi de xua't ra phuong phap hQC sieu tdc chuyen sU dung am nhac, hoan toan ddng y vdi y kien nay. Bac si Ivan Bazakov, sinh vien cu cua Lozanov, ngUdi da boi suot mdt dem de trdn khdi mien Tay vao nam 1976, cho rang,am nhac cd mdt sUc manh khung khie'p nhd vao sU em dju va deu dan theo ket cau ciia nd. Ong ndi: "Nhd am nhac, tri nhd ciia ban ldn len trong cam giac binh on cung vdi niem tin rang ban se mai mai ghi nhd di'eu nay'." Ddng tac gia ngudi My ciia Rhythms of Learning (Giai di$u cua hoc hanh), Don Campbell cho biet: "Am nhac Baroque lam cho chung ta diem tinh.
Ban se lang nghe tdt hem 300 COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL vi ban hoat dQng dung vdi nhip dp ciia cor the. Do la su ket hQp 1 hai hoa giiia tri 6c, co the, trai tim va tam hdn. Am nhac la hinh thdc van hda va sir the hien cao nha't ciia loai ngirdi.
No cho phep chiing ta ket ndi tdi mQt cai gi do to tat horn. Am nhac chinh la ma giai dieu ciia am thanh lien quan tdi ban cau nao trai trong khi ban cau nao phai lai lien quan tdi ket cau ciia am thanh." Vai tro ciia am nhac trong cac khoa hoc sieu toe Nhu ban da biet, nhimg khoa hQC Sieu tdc tai nha giiip cho hgc vien hoc ngoai ngir, thdng qua 12 doan kich nghe qua bang vdi nhirng doan hdi thoai song ddng va tac dpng ciia am thanh, giiip nang cao kha nang ghi nhd ciia hQC vien. Sau khi hQC vien bat dau nhd dupe tit vung va cau true cau ciia nhung vd kich nay, chiing tdi lai lap lai npi dung hpc, nhung tren nen nhac cd dien, thudng la nhac Mozart. Npi dung dupe dpc len theo van phong ciia mpt vd kich vdi nhip di?u liic thang liic tram ciia am nhac.
Chiing tdi gpi dd la Ban Ma nhac mang tinh kich hoat (Active concert). Tat nhien ket qua khdng co gi xa la, am nhac da giiip cho cac hQC vien de nhd tii vung hpn. Tat ca chiing ta deu biet rang ldi ciia bai hat thudng rat de thupc. Khi ldi ndi quyen vao ciing vdi am nhac, tri dc ciia chiing ta se dd vat va hpn khi hpc vi am nhac hoan toan cd the ket hpp chat che hoat dpng ciia ban cau nao trai (ldi) va ban cau nao phai (nhac).
Chiing ta cung biet rang am nhac cd anh hudng rat Ion den trung tam cam xiic 301 KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI ciia he thong cam giac - canh cong budc vao the gidi cua tri nhd dai han (xem Chudng II). Am nhac khdng the dupe the hien bing ldi khdng phai vi no mcthb ma vi nd con rdhtin ca ldi ndi. Mendelssohn Muc dich ciia chiing toi khi ap dung each hpc nay la lam cho ngon ngii co the nhd dude bang cam xiic. Nhd do, ngon ngd se dupe in sau trong tri nhd dai han.
Tat nhien, hpc vien cua chiing tdi khang djnh rang phuong phap nay that sU rat hieu qua. Trong doan cudi cung ciia vd kich, chung toi mdi nhung hpc vien ngdi xudng, thu gian, tham chi nham mat lai va lang nghe lai doan bang do. Tren hen ban nhac dupe goi la Ban nhac giup on lai, ndi dung bai hoc dupe dpc mgt each diu dang va thudng dupe dQC tren nen nhac Baroque. Mdi ban nhac deu dupe ket thiic bang giai dieu tuoi sang the hien sU han hoan.
6 day, muc dich hoi khac mpt chut, la tao ra tam trang thu thai va tinh tao nhu chu thich cua bac si Lozanov, mpt trong nhiing sinh vien cua chiing tdi rang: "Hay de ngon ngii trdi nhp vao trong tiem thUc cua tdi." Du cho ly do cua sif thanh cdng do la gi, Ban nhac giiip on lai that sU da mang lai hieu qua. Cac hoc vien thudng rat bat ngd vdi khdi lupng kien thUc ma hp cd the nhd dupe trong ngay horn sau vdi rait it cdng sUc. 302 COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL Kiem nghiem Ro rang am nhac co tac dpng kich thich hoat dpng nao, nhuhg am nhac con chua dung nhieu di'eu ky dieu hpn the.
Cac nha khoa hpc da phat hien ra, vi sao Plato va Einstein (gan day la Lozanov va nhimg ngUdi khac) da hoan toan dung dan khi noi am nhac chinh la mpt cdng cu h6 trp hpc tap than ky. Nhimg nghien cuu mdi day da chi ra rang, am nhac that sU huan luyen cho tri 6c lam quen vdi hinh thdc dao tao cao cap han. Trong mpt thU nghiem tai trudng Dai hpc California, Irvine, cac nha nghien cuu Gordon Shaw va Frances H. Rauscher phan chia 33 tre emtir3 den 4 tudi thanh hai nhom.
Trong suot mpt khoa hpc keo dai 8 thang, mpt nhom dupe nghe rat nhieu loai nhac, nhom khac lai khong dupe nghe mpt ban nhac nao. Den cudi buoi kiem tra, nhung hpc sinh dupe nghe nhac ghi dupe sd diem cao han 80% trong bai tap lap rap hinh mau va xep hinh vdi toe dp nhanh nhat cd the. Day la nhimg bai tap doi hoi hpc sinh phai ve len mpt hinh anh bang bp 6c cua minh va sau do sap xep nhirng vat the do nham tai tao lai hinh anh trong tri nhd cua chiing - nhung ky nang nay sau nay dupe chuyen hda thanh kha nang toan hpc va ky sU. Trong nhung bai tap khac, nhiing diia tre nay dupe dua cho mpt vat the dac hoac nhiing biic ve de co the tai tao lai.
Lan nay, chiing khdng can phai tudng tupng. Ket qua cho thay, khong cd sii khac biet giua hai nhom. Ldi giai thich hpp ly cho di'eu nay van chua dupe dUa ra.