For the SPSS Survival Manual website, go to www.com/spss This is what readers from around the world say about the SPSS Survival Manual: ‘Whenever a student asks my advice on what textbook to use to help them with SPSS and statistical testing, it is always Julie Pallant’s text that I pull off the shelf for them. This text is ideal for getting to the point of the test. What students find most useful are the sections providing examples of how to report the results. Personally, I am never without a copy of Pallant on my bookshelf: one at home and one at the office.’ Dr Hazel Brown, Senior Lecturer, University of Winchester, UK ‘One of the greatest advantages with the SPSS Survival Manual is the thought-through structure; it is therefore easy to apply, both for our teacher students writing their master theses and for PhD students and researchers more experienced with statistics.’ Karolina Broman, Department of Science and Mathematics Education (NMD), Umeå University, Sweden ‘Julie Pallant is a saint and responsible for the successful graduation of hundreds and hundreds of students, including myself.’ Kopitzee Parra-Thornton, PhD, St Joseph Health, US ‘Best book ever written.
My ability to work the maze of statistics and my sanity has been SAVED by this book.’ Natasha Davison, Doctorate of Health Psychology, Deakin University, Australia ‘… highly recommended for both beginners and experienced SPSS users … an invaluable resource … SPSS is a powerful tool for data management and statistical analysis and this user-friendly book makes it very accessible.’ Dr Polly Yeung, Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work ‘I just wanted to say how much I value Julie Pallant’s SPSS Survival Manual. It’s quite the best text on SPSS I’ve encountered and I recommend it to anyone who’s listening!’ Professor Carolyn Hicks, Health Sciences, Birmingham University, UK ‘… not everyone would greet the appearance of a book with the word “SPSS” in the title with a glad cry … [but] my experience with using earlier editions of this book has been very positive … Pallant’s book would be an excellent investment for you.’ Felicity Allen, Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia ‘This book was responsible for an A on our educational research project. This is the perfect book for people who are baffled by statistical analysis, but still have to understand and accomplish it.’ Becky, Houston, Texas, US ‘This most recent edition of Julie Pallant’s SPSS bible continues to combine a number of essential elements: clear explanations of different use cases for SPSS; guides on interpreting the (often voluminous and poorly labelled) output; and example data files (from real studies) to practice on … If I had PhD students, this would be their welcome gift on their first day. Wicks, Research Psychologist, London ‘Having perceived myself as one who was not confident in anything statistical, I worked my way through the book and with each turn of the page gained more and more confidence until I was running off analyses with (almost) glee.
I now enjoy using SPSS and this book is the reason for that.’ Dr Marina Harvey, Centre for Professional Development, Macquarie University, Australia ‘I have two copies of Julie Pallant’s SPSS Survival Manual—one for the home office and one for school —which are both well-worn from lending. I never miss a chance to recommend this useful guide to other doctoral students as a “24-hour TA” to review syntax, interpretation of output, or presentation of results.’ Doctoral student, University of California, Los Angeles, US ‘This book really lives up to its name … I highly recommend this book to any MBA student carrying out a dissertation project, or anyone who needs some basic help with using SPSS and data analysis techniques.’ Business student, UK ‘I wouldn’t have survived my senior research project and class without this book! There’s a reason they have a life preserver on the front cover.com ‘I must say how much I value the SPSS Survival Manual. It is so clearly written and helpful. I find myself using it constantly and also ask any students doing a thesis or dissertation to obtain a copy.’ Associate Professor Sheri Bauman, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Arizona, US ‘This book is simple to understand, easy to read and very concise.
Those who have a general fear or dislike for statistics or statistics and computers should enjoy reading this book. Waller PhD, Jamaica ‘There are several SPSS manuals published and this one really does “do what it says on the tin” … Whether you are a beginner doing your BSc or struggling with your PhD research (or beyond!), I wholeheartedly recommend this book.’ British Journal of Occupational Therapy, UK ‘I love the SPSS Survival Manual … I can’t imagine teaching without it. After seeing my copy and hearing me talk about it many of my other colleagues are also utilising it.’ Wendy Close PhD, Psychology Department, Wisconsin Lutheran College, US ‘… being an external student so much of the time is spent teaching myself. But this has been made easier with your manual as I have found much of the content very easy to follow.
I only wish I had discovered it earlier.’ Anthropology student, Australia ‘This book is a “must have” introduction to SPSS. Brilliant and highly recommended.’ Dr Joe, South Africa ‘The strength of this book lies in the explanations that accompany the descriptions of tests and I predict great popularity for this text among teachers, lecturers and researchers.’ Roger Watson, Journal of Advanced Nursing ‘I didn’t think it was possible for me to love SPSS but with the help of this book I do! The step-by-step guide is everything I need to use this difficult software. I would recommend it to anyone!’ Alissa Johnston, Occupational Therapy student ‘I love this book! I haven’t touched stats or SPSS in nearly fifteen years. This book told me everything I needed to know to do my job better with clear, concise language.
It’s like she knew what all my questions were before I asked them! Awesome!’ T. James, Australia ‘Pallant’s excellent book has all the ingredients to take interested students, including the statistically naïve and the algebraically challenged, to a new level of skill and understanding. Molloy, Behaviour Change journal Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: enquiries@openup.uk world wide web: www.uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2289, USA First published 2001 Second edition published 2004 Third edition published 2007 Fourth edition published 2010 Fifth edition published 2013 First published in this sixth edition 2016 Copyright © Julie Pallant, 2016 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited.
Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library 9780335261550 ISBN-13: 978-0-33-526154-3 ISBN-10: 0-33-526154-X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data applied for Typeset by Midland Typesetters, Australia Printed in China by Everbest Printing Co. Ltd Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may be used herein (in case studies or in examples) are not intended to represent any real individual, company, product or event. Contents Preface Data files and website Introduction and overview Part One Getting started 1 Designing a study 2 Preparing a codebook 3 Getting to know IBM SPSS Part Two Preparing the data file 4 Creating a data file and entering data 5 Screening and cleaning the data Part Three Preliminary analyses 6 Descriptive statistics 7 Using graphs to describe and explore the data 8 Manipulating the data 9 Checking the reliability of a scale 10 Choosing the right statistic Part Four Statistical techniques to explore relationships among variables 11 Correlation 12 Partial correlation 13 Multiple regression 14 Logistic regression 15 Factor analysis Part Five Statistical techniques to compare groups 16 Non-parametric statistics 17 T-tests 18 One-way analysis of variance 19 Two-way between-groups ANOVA 20 Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance 21 Multivariate analysis of variance 22 Analysis of covariance Appendix: Details of data files Recommended reading References Index Preface For many students, the thought of completing a statistics subject, or using statistics in their research, is a major source of stress and frustration.
The aim of the original SPSS Survival Manual (published in 2000) was to provide a simple, step-by-step guide to the process of data analysis using IBM SPSS. Unlike other statistical titles it did not focus on the mathematical underpinnings of the techniques, but rather on the appropriate use of IBM SPSS as a tool. Since the publication of the five editions of the SPSS Survival Manual, I have received many hundreds of emails from students who have been grateful for the helping hand (or lifeline). The same simple approach has been incorporated in this sixth edition.
Over the last few years SPSS has undergone a number of changes—including a brief period when it changed name. During 2009 version 18 of the program was renamed PASW Statistics, which stands for Predictive Analytics Software. The name was changed again in 2010 to IBM SPSS. All chapters in this current edition have been updated to suit version 23 of the package (although most of the material is also suitable for users of earlier versions).
In particular two chapters have been extensively modified: Chapter 7 (Graphs) and Chapter 16 (Non-parametric statistics). Chapter 7 now focuses on the use of Chart Builder to generate graphs, rather than using the Legacy Dialog procedures. Likewise in Chapter 16 I have generated most of the non- parametric statistics using the new procedures in IBM SPSS, but have retained some of the Legacy Dialog procedures where I feel they provide better information. Other useful data manipulation procedures available in SPSS have also been included in this edition.
In Chapter 8 I have added instructions on how to use the Automatic Recode procedure in SPSS. This is useful when you have imported existing data into SPSS that is text (e. male, female) rather than the numeric format needed (e. 1, 2) for statistical analyses.
For those of you who use dates in your research (e. date of arrival/departure) I have added instructions on how to use the Date and Time Wizard that is now available in SPSS. This allows you to calculate using dates, for example calculating length of stay from the information available on arrival and departure dates. I have resisted urges from students, instructors and reviewers to add too many extra topics, but instead have upgraded and expanded the existing material.
This book is not intended to cover all possible statistical procedures available in IBM SPSS, or to answer all questions researchers might have about statistics. Instead, it is designed to get you started with your research and to help you gain confidence in the use of the program to analyse your data. There are many other excellent statistical texts available that you should refer to—suggestions are made throughout each chapter and in the Recommended reading section at the end of the book. Additional material is also available on the book’s website (details in the next section).
Data files and website Throughout the book, you will see examples of research that are taken from a number of data files included on the website that accompanies this book: www. From this site you can download the data files to your hard drive or memory stick by following the instructions on screen. These files can be opened only in IBM SPSS.sav data file is a ‘real’ data file, based on a research project that was conducted by one of my graduate diploma classes.