RICHARD SIDE ann GUY WELLMAN GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY for CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED AND PROFICIENCY WITH KEY Longman # # : RICHARD SIDE ann GUY WELLMAN GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY for CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED AND PROFICIENCY Xà Longman eae Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world www longman-elt.com © Pearson Education Limited 1999 The right of Richard Side and Guy Wellman to be identified as authors of this Work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers. First published 1999 Second impression 2000 ISBN 0 582 41963 8 Acknowledgements Designed by First Edition Ilustrations by Noel Ford Cover design by Andrew Oliver Project managed by Christina Ruse The publishers would like to thank the following for their kind permission to adapt excerpts from original texts: Oxford Today (passage, page 29); The Independent, from article by William Hartson, 13.1987 (passage on twins, page 151); Quartet Books, from Sudan by N Worral (1980) (passage, page 153); Secker and Warburg, from Neither Here Nor There by Bill Bryson (1991) (passage on travelling in Europe, page 155); Penguin, from Citizens by Simon Schama, p. Set in Monotype Dante Printed in Spain by Graficas Estella Contents Syllabus map 6 Vocabulary Introduction 11 SECTION 4 Possibility, probability and 56 certainty |_| Unit one 16 SECTION 5 Obligations 58 Exam practice 3 60 Problem tenses Entry test 16 MB unit four 62 OVERVIEW 17 SECTION I Present Perfect 18 Modal verbs 2 SECTION 2 Other Perfect forms 20 Entry test 62 SECTION 3. Continuous forms 22 OVERVIEW + Meanings of modals 63 SECTION 4 The future 24 SECTION I Intention, willingness, frequency, 68 habit Vocabulary SECTION 2 Ability, permission 70 SECTION 5 Stative verbs 26 SECTION 3 Special uses of should; modals in 72 SECTION 6 Collocation: an introduction 28 the past Exam practice 1 30 Vocabulary SECTION 4 Frequency 74 unit two 32 SECTION 5 Ability, quality and achievement 76 Passives Exam practice 4 78 Entry test 32 OVERVIEW 33 HB unit five 80 SECTION I Agents and objects with the passive 34 SECTION 2 Infinitives and -ing form passives 36 Subjunctives and Unreal Past; SECTION 3 Structures with get and have 38 Conditionals SECTION 4 Not using the passive: transitive 40 Entry test 80 to intransitive OVERVIEW 81 SECTION I Subjunctives and Unreal Past 82 Vocabulary SECTION 2_ Likely conditionals in the past, 84 SECTION 5 Verbs we commonly use in 42 present and future the passive SECTION 3 Unlikely conditionals in the 86 SECTION 6 Phrasal verbs; verb + preposition 44 present and future Exam practice 2 46 SECTION 4_ Past conditionals 88 WB unit three 48 Vocabulary SECTION 5 Metaphor 90 Modal verbs 1 SECTION 6 Word formation: prefixes and 92 Entry test 48 suffixes OVERVIEW 49 Exam practice 5 94 SECTION I_ Predicting 50 SECTION 2 True, untrue, possible: present 52 Progress test 1 %6.
and past (testing contents of Units 1-5) SECTION 3. Necessity, duty and advice 54 @ CONTENTS ME unit six 100 Vocabulary oa. SECTION 5 Singular, plural uncountable: 138 Linking clauses ~~ common phrases Entry test 100 SECTION 6 Compounds 140 OVERVIEW 101 —_ ; Exam practice 8 142 SECTION I Time and Reason 102 SECTION 2 Result and Purpose 104 HB Unit nine 144 SECTION 3 Concession clauses. 106 OL e tp nh II Ki K BI Bi 00 0000 40 000 0 0 0 0000145045190 PB BỘ BỘ Bóng 0006 600010 9000 0000010 00-009 09 09 09 9080 6v Determiners and pronouns Vocabulary ; Entry test 144 SECTION 4 Expressing purpose and effect 108 OVERVIEW 145 T A i 11 SECTIONS = Breeing or not 0 SECTION 1_ All, both, the whole, neither, either, 146 Exam practice 6 112 no, none SECTION 2 Each and every 148 BB unit làn 114 SECTION3 Ones, another, other(s), one 150 ;.
another, each other Adj ectives and adverbs SECTION 4 Quantifiers: much, many, a lot of, 152 Entry test 114 (a) few, (a) little, most OVERVIEW 115 SECTION 5 Any, some, somewhere, anywhere, 154 SECTION I Adjective structures; adjective 116 etc. Vocabulary SECTION 2 Inversion after negative adverbs 118 —————— - - SECTION 6 Amount and extent 156 SECTION 3. Making comparisons 120 —— TT” SECTION 7 Groups of and parts of 158 Vocabulary Exam practice 9 160 SECTION 4 _ Differences and similarities 122 SECTION 5 Sentence adverbs 124 HB unit ten 162 Exam practice 7 126 Noun clauses unit eight 128 Entry test 162 veseseessseesusbtesesenrssvasescensesssssecesssssaseuasesssessnsuecessssununeeesenesnanenenssononeee - OVERVIEW 163 Nouns and articles SECTION I That-clauses 164 Entry test 128 SECTION 2 Wh-clauses 166 OVERVIEW 129 SECTION 3 To-infinitive and -ing clauses 168 SECTION I Using the or no article 130 SECTION 4 Reference: this, that, these, those; 170 SECTION 2 Singular, plural, uncountable 132 such; so SECTION 4 Adjectives and verbs as nouns 136 SECTION 5 Nouns from phrasal verbs 172 SECTION 6 Lack, shortage and excess 174 Exam practice 10 176 Progress test 2 (testing contents of Units 1-10) CONTENTS MM unit eleven 182 WM unit fourteen 224 Relative clauses Verb complementation 1 Entry test 182 Entry test 224 OVERVIEW 183 OVERVIEW 225 SECTION I Words used with relative 184 SECTION I Reflexive and reciprocal verbs 226 pronouns SECTION 2 Verbs followed by that-clauses 228 SECTION 2 Omitting relative pronouns 186 and adjectives SECTION 3. Nominal relative clauses 188 SECTION 3 Verbs used with prepositional 230 and adverbial phrases Vocabulary SECTION 4 Reference words 190 Vocabulary SECTION 5 Problems and solutions 192 SECTION4 Dependent prepositions and 232 prepositional phrases Exam practice 11 194 SECTION 5 Expressing knowledge and belief 234 BB unit twelve 196 Exam practice 14 236 Emphasis BB unit fifteen 238 Entry test 196.
y Verb complementation 2 OVERVIEW 197 SECTION I Fronting 198 Entry test 238 SECTION 2 Introductory There and It 200 OVERVIEW bs followed by 239 SECTION 3. Emphasis using What, All and It 202 SECTION T Ver © fomowed OY nS and 240 ————— malisadi infinitive SECHON4 Nominalisadon 204 SECTION 2_ Verbs followed by infinitive 242 Vocabulary SECTION 3 Verbs followed by as 244 SECTION 5 Substituting one phrase for 206 Vocabul ary another. SECTION 6 Intensifying and emphasising 208 SECTION4 Competition, opposition, 246 ———— disagreement Exam practice 12 210 SECTION5 Starting and ending: creating 248 and destroying MM unit thirteen mmm 212 Exam practice 15 250 Reported speech Entry test 212 Progress test 3 252. OVERVIEW 213 (testing contents of Units 1-15) SECTION I Tenses in reported speech 214 SECTION 2.
Report structures 216 Key 257 Vocabulary SECTION 3 Quoting, reporting and 218 interpreting SECTION 4 Communicating 220 Exam practice 13 222 Syllabus map a Unit one Grammar Problem tenses Present Perfect Present Perfect with other tenses; idiomatic phrases Other Perfect tenses Dast Derfect / Future Perfect; OVERVIEW Perfect infinitives and -ing forms Perfect tenses; continuous Continuous Perfect Continuous; Past Continuous for plans, polite requests; tenses; the future Continuous infinitives; Perfect Continuous passive The future Future forms; will in time and if-clauses; > common phrases to refer to the future Vocabulary Stative verbs Uses in Continuous and non-Continuous tenses Collocation Meaning; fixed and open; grammatical forms |œ a Unit two Grammar Passives Agents and objects Mention of agents; verbs with two objects; limitations of passive OVERVIEW Passive and infinitive Infinitives after certain passive verbs; Form, and reasons for using, passive infinitives; report verbs the passive Get and have Causatives; Get + -ed; I’ve had my car stolen, etc. K» Transitive to intransitive Changing subject without using passive; HS meanings of ergative verbs Vocabulary Verbs common in the passive Verbs with no agent; -ed adjective or passive?; ¬ prepositions with passives; phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositions and particles; position of object; I prepositions after passives a Unit three Grammar Modal verbs 1 Predicting Certainty; possibility; expressing opinions OVERVIEW Truth and possibility True / untrue; expressing opinions; giving reasons; expressing annoyance Basic grammar, main uses Necessity, duty, advice Must, have to, should, needn’t, don’t have to etc.; of modals 1; alphabetical list of modals other verbs for necessity and advice Vocabulary~ Possibility, probability, certainty Likelihood: bound to, etc.; improbability iS Obligations Legal / institutional, moral, personal obligations; fu freedom of choice BB unit four Grammar Modal verbs 2 Intention, frequency, habit Intention / refusal; offers / requests; frequency Ability, permission Can / Could v. was / were able to; theoretical possibility; OVERVIEW permission; register ‘ Main uses of modals 2; key Should; modals in the past Special uses of should; modals in the past; difficulties with meanings modal Perfects Frequency Adverbs and phrases; adjectives; habits and trends | Ability, quality and achievement Dependent prepositions; collocation; ha connotation; metaphor SYLLABUS MAP HB unit five Grammar Subjunctives and Subjunctives and Unreal Past Present and Past subjunctive; Unreal Past Unreal Past; Conditionals Likely conditionals Verb forms; will / won’t in if-clauses; OVERVIEW mixing time references; false conditionals Unlikely conditionals Verb forms; would in if-clauses; If. are to / were to Subjunctives; Unreal Past; conditionals; when and if, Past conditionals Verb forms; would have.
would have; omitting if, etc. alternatives to if Metaphor Compound adjectives and nouns; single words; idiomatic phrases Prefixes and suffixes Changing meaning; prefixes in non-existent words; In suffixes and part of speech; suffixes changing meaning HB unit six Grammar Linking clauses Time and Reason Time clauses: Ever since, etc.; Reason clauses: because, etc. Result and Purpose Result clauses: so, etc.; Purpose clauses: in order to, etc. OVERVIEW Concession clauses Position of linking words; background information; Types of clause; reasons for unexpected contrast use; position Vocabulary Purpose and effect Purpose / intention; result, cause and effect |» Agreeing or not Not giving in; weighing things up; giving in or || Unit seven page 114 Grammar Adjectives and Adjective structures Adjectives after nouns; structures after adjectives; adverbs late, lately, etc.
Inversion After negative adverbs; uses OVERVIEW Making comparisons Comparatives; similarities; double comparatives; Position of adjectives and preferences; as / like; as if / though adverbs; adverbs from adjectives; adverbial phrases Vocabulary Differences and similarities Collocation; synonyms; modifiers; > linking phrases; idiomatic phrases Sentence adverbs Definition; uses HB unit eight Grammar Nouns and The or no article The with nouns always singular; nouns without articles; articles general or specific: adding the Singular, plural, uncountable Always plural; uncountable with -s; collectives; OVERVIEW | There is / are; uncountable / countable Countable / uncountable: Classifying Referring to groups: plural, the, a/an; special groups [ve a/an, the, or no article; other determiners Adjectives and verbs as nouns The unemployed, the supernatural, etc.; | gerunds with / without the Vocabulary Singular, plural and uncountable Common phrases: on foot, [wn in all weathers, etc. Compounds Noun + noun; adjective + noun; adjective + adjective; |® other combinations aa SYLLABUS MAP || Unit nine page 144 Grammar Determiners I all, both, the whole, neither, either, no, none Uses; common phrases and pronouns 2 Each and every Differences in meaning / use; singular / plural; OVERVIEW common phrases. 3 One and another, other(s), one another, each other Uses; common phrases Pronoun v. ; using determiners together; 4 Quantifiers: much, many, (a) few, etc.
Articles; use in negatives / questions; singular, plural, uncountable; formality; common phrases common phrases 5 Any, some, somewhere, anywhere, etc.