Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises SECOND EDITION 46691.indb 2 10/15/07 8:23:33 AM Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises SECOND EDITION Edited by Robert N.indb 3 10/15/07 8:23:33 AM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑4200‑4669‑4 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed.
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CCC is a not‑for‑profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation with‑ out intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Plant pathology concepts and laboratory exercises / editors, Robert N.
Windham, and Alan S. Includes bibliographical references and index. Plant diseases‑‑Laboratory manuals. Windham, Mark Townsend, 1955‑ III.3078‑‑dc22 2007019969 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.indb 4 10/15/07 8:23:33 AM Contents Preface.
xi The Editors.xv Part 1 Introductory Concepts Chapter 1 Plant Pathology and Historical Perspectives. Windham and Alan S. Windham Chapter 2 What Is a Disease?. Windham and Alan S.
Windham Chapter 3 Introduction to the Groups of Plant Pathogens. Windham Part 2 Groups of Plant Pathogens Chapter 4 Plant Pathogenic Viruses. Langham Chapter 5 Mechanical Inoculation of Plant Viruses. Langham Chapter 6 Pathogenic Prokaryotes.
Lacy and Felix L. Lukezic Chapter 7 Laboratory Exercises for Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Lacy and Felix L. Lukezic Chapter 8 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes.
Noe Chapter 9 Pathogenicity and Isolation of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes.indb 5 10/15/07 8:23:34 AM vi Contents Chapter 10 Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Fungal-like Organisms.85 Ann Brooks Gould Chapter 11 Slime Molds and Zoosporic Fungi. Mozley-Standridge, David Porter, and Marc A. Cubeta Chapter 12 Laboratory Exercises with Zoosporic Plant Pathogens. Cubeta, David Porter, and Sharon E.
Mozley-Standridge Chapter 13 Archiascomycete and Hemiascomycete Pathogens. Hodge, and Nina Shishkoff Chapter 14 The Powdery Mildews. Hodge, and Nina Shishkoff Chapter 15 Ascomycota: Pyrenomycetes, Discomycetes, and Loculoascomycetes. Curry and Richard E.
Baird Chapter 16 Deuteromycota: An Artificial Assemblage of Asexually Reproducing Fungi. Baird Chapter 17 Laboratory Exercises with Selected Asexually Reproducing Fungi. Baird Chapter 18 Smut and Rust Diseases. Littlefield, Yonghao Li, and Darrell D.
Hensley Chapter 19 Basidiomycota: Fleshy Mushrooms and Other Important and Symbiotic Associations. Baird Chapter 20 Oomycota: The Fungi-like Organisms. Ament, and Kurt H. Lamour Chapter 21 Laboratory Exercises with the Oomycetes.
Baird, and Steven N. Jeffers Chapter 22 Soilborne Plant Pathogens. Michael Benson Chapter 23 Laboratory Exercises with Soilborne Plant Pathogens. Michael Benson and Bonnie H.indb 6 10/15/07 8:23:35 AM Contents vii Chapter 24 Parasitic Seed Plants, Protozoa, Algae, and Mosses.
Windham and Alan S. Windham Chapter 25 Abiotic Diseases. Windham and Mark T. Windham Part 3 Molecular Tools for Studying Plant Pathogens Chapter 26 Molecular Tools for Studying Plant Pathogens.
Rinehart, XinWang Wang, and Robert N. Trigiano Chapter 27 Molecular Techniques Used for Studying Systematics and Phylogeny of Plant Pathogens. Ledare Finley, Renae E. Caetano-Anollés Part 4 Plant–Pathogen Interactions Chapter 28 Plant–Fungal Interactions at the Molecular Level.
Ferreira, Sara Monteiro, Regina Freitas, Cláudia N. Santos, Zhenjia Chen, Luís M. Batista, João Duarte, Alexandre Borges, and Artur R. Teixeira Chapter 29 Testing Blad, a Potent Antifungal Polypeptide.323 Sara Monteiro and Ricardo B.
Ferreira Chapter 30 Detecting and Measuring Extracellular Enzymes Produced by Fungi and Bacteria. Trigiano and Malissa H. Ament Chapter 31 Host Defenses: A Physical and Physiological Approach. Green, and David Trently Chapter 32 Disruption of Plant Function.
Riley Part 5 Epidemiology and Disease Control Chapter 33 Plant Disease Epidemiology. Bowen Chapter 34 Host Resistance. Pataky and Martin L.indb 7 10/15/07 8:23:35 AM viii Contents Chapter 35 Cultural Control of Plant Diseases.405 Gary Moorman and Kimberly D. Gwinn Chapter 36 Chemical Control of Plant Diseases.
Windham and Mark T. Windham Chapter 37 Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Ownley and Mark T. Windham Chapter 38 Integrated Pest Management.
Hollier and Donald E. Hershman Chapter 39 Plant Disease Diagnosis. Mullen Chapter 40 Diagnostic Techniques and Media Preparation. Mullen Part 6 Special Topics Chapter 41 In Vitro Plant Pathology.475 Subramanian Jayasankar and Dennis J.
Gray Chapter 42 Proper Use of Compound and Stereo Microscopes. Webb Part 7 Appendix Appendix 1: Careers in Plant Pathology. Windham and Mark T. Windham Part 8 Glossary and Index Glossary.indb 8 10/15/07 8:23:35 AM Preface We thank those instructors who adopted the first edition of are a series of questions designed to provoke individual Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises as a thought and critical examination of the experiment and textbook for their classes.
We also thank them and their results. Our intentions are that instructors will not attempt students and colleagues for invaluable feedback and criti- to do all the experiments, but rather select one or two for cism—we have incorporated many of their ideas into this each concept that serves the needs and interests of their edition. In response to your suggestions, we have included particular class. For an advanced class, different experi- several new chapters, more case studies where appropri- ments may be assigned among resourceful students.
More ate, and a CD containing most of the figures in the book, advanced experiments following the general or beginning as well as many supplementary photographs in the form of class exercises are embedded within some of the labora- PowerPoint presentations. Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, We caution instructors and students to obtain the Second Edition is intended to serve as a primary text for proper documents for transport and use of plant patho- introductory courses and furnishes instructors and stu- genic organisms and to properly dispose of cultures and dents alike with a broad consideration of this important plant materials at the conclusion of the laboratory exer- and growing field. It also presents many useful protocols cises. As always, the mention of products or specific and procedures and advanced laboratories in selected equipment does not constitute product endorsement by areas.
Thus, the book should serve as a valuable refer- either the authors, the various institutions, or the USDA, ence to researchers and students in plant pathology as nor implied criticism of those products not mentioned. well as many allied biological sciences. The textbook is There are equally suitable, if not alternative, products intentionally written to be rather informal; it provides the and equipment available that may be substituted for those reader with a minimum number of references, but does listed herein. not sacrifice essential information or accuracy.
Broad As with the first edition, the textbook is divided into topic chapters are authored by specialists with consider- the following six primary parts: Introductory Concepts, able experience in the field and are supported by one or Groups of Plant Pathogens, Molecular Tools for Studying more laboratory exercises illustrating the central con- Plant Pathogens, Plant–Pathogen Interactions, Epidemiol- cepts of the topic. Each topic begins with a “concept box,” ogy and Disease Control, and Special Topics. Each section highlighting some of the more important ideas contained combines related facets of plant pathology and includes within chapter and signals students to read carefully for one to several concept chapters, usually with accompany- these primary topics. There is an extensive glossary, ing laboratory exercises.
Most chapters have been revised which collects the bolded words and terms found in each to include more up-to-date information as well as addi- of the concept chapters and some of the laboratory chap- tional materials. Four topic chapters have been completely ters. New to many of the concept chapters in this edition rewritten and we have included five new topic and labora- are case studies, which emphasize either specific diseases tory exercise chapters on soilborne pathogens, microscopy or processes. The case studies stand alone in the chap- for students, and plant/fungal interactions.
ters and are provided primarily as bulleted lists supplying Part 1 introduces students to the basic concepts of essential information at a glance. plant pathology, including historical perspectives, fun- Collectively, the laboratory exercises are exception- damental ideas of what is disease, how disease relates ally diverse in nature, providing something for every- to environment, the host, and time, and provides a very one—from beginning to advanced students to researchers. broad overview of organisms that cause disease. Part 2 Importantly, the authors have successfully completed the includes chapters that detail the various disease-causing exercises many times, often with either plant pathology or organisms.
This section begins with a consideration of biology classes or in their own research laboratories. All viruses, prokaryotic organisms, and plant parasitic nema- the laboratory protocols are written in procedure boxes todes. The next ten chapters are devoted to the various that provide step-by-step, easy-to-follow instructions. A phyla of fungi (classification primarily follows Alexo- unique feature of this text is that the authors have provided poulus, Mims, and Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, in general terms what results should be expected from Fourth Edition) followed by chapters that focus on the each of the experiments.
At the end of each exercise, there fungi-like Oomycota, soilborne pathogens, plant parasitic ix 46691.indb 9 10/15/07 8:23:36 AM Preface to the Second Edition seed plants and other biotic agents, and abiotic diseases. This topic is typically excluded Part 3 introduces students to the basics of molecular tools from all plant pathology and biology textbooks, but is and is illustrated with laboratory exercises that are adapt- essential for most laboratory experiences. able for beginning as well as advanced students. Part 4 It is our hope that students and instructors will find the explores plant–pathogen interactions including treatments format of the book, and level and amount of information it of molecular attack strategies, extracellular enzymes, contains, to be appropriate for an introductory course but host defenses, and disruption of plant function.
Part 5, also for some graduate level work. The informal presenta- Epidemiology and Disease Control, is anchored with an tion style has been used very successfully in Plant Tissue extensive chapter outlining the basic ideas of epidemiol- Culture and Laboratory Exercises and with the inclusion ogy, which is followed in turn by several chapters detail- of a glossary, concept boxes, case studies, and supplemen- ing various strategies for disease control. This section tal CD, students should find the format stimulating and also includes chapters on plant disease diagnosis. Part 6 conducive to learning.
As always, we invite and welcome is devoted to an often neglected topic in plant pathology your comments and suggestions for improvements. textbooks—in vitro pathology. We have found that stu- dents are often fascinated with this topic as it combines R. Trigiano several facets of investigation from biological and chemi- M.
Windham cal disciplines. Another unique feature of the textbook is A. Windham housed in this section as well: how to use compound and Knoxville, Tennessee 46691.