MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS EVALUATE THE GROWTH CAPACITY OF SOME INDIGENOUS TREE AFFORESTATION MODELS AT THE CENTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH IN HOA BINH PROVINCE Major : Natural Resources Management Code : D850101 Faculty : Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student : Dao Duy Duc Student ID : 1453091252 Class : K59A – Natural Resources Management Course : 2014-2018 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Dr. Ha Quang Anh Hanoi, October, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To accomplish and complete this thesis, I have received a great deal of support from organizations and individuals. First of all, I would like to send my sincere thanks to the School Management Board, teachers in the Forest Resource and Environmental Management Faculty for helping me with my studies and training at the school. In particular, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr.
Ha Quang Anh for his great guidance in the process of implementing this thesis. Besides, this thesis could not be completed without help of the officers, especially Mr. Tran Trung Thanh – director of the Center of Environmental Research Hoa Binh city who helped me in the process of surveying, collecting data and assessing the afforestation situation at the research center. Finally, I would like to send my most sincere thanks to my family, relatives and friends who have encouraged and helped me through the process of completing this thesis.
Although there have been a range of attempts to complete the project, due to the limited time and knowledge, the thesis is inevitable shortcomings. So, I hope that I could receive the attention and comments of teachers and friends to complete the course. Hanoi, September 1, 2018 Student Dao Duy Duc i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. i TABLE OF CONTENTS .vii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ISSUE.
GENERAL REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ISSUE. In the world. Indigenous plants in the world. Indigenous plants in Vietnam.
5 CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVES, CONTENTS, RESEARCH SUBJECT, LIMITS AND RESEARCH METHODS. Materials and methods. 13 ii CHAPTER 3 NATURAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF RESEARCH AREA. Social and economic conditions.
Population, ethnicity and labor. 23 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Diameter at breast height – DBH (D1. Vegetation cover and shrubs.
Vegetation cover and shrubs in Acacia mangium model. Vegetation cover and shrubs in Acacia auriculiformis model. 39 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION, DRAWBACKS AND PROPOSAL. Some growth criteria.
Vegetation cover and shrubs. 43 REFERENCES APPENDIX iv LIST OF TABLE Table 4.1: Average height growth of the investigated species .2: Diameter at breast height growth – DBH of the investigated species .3: Canopy diameter growth of the investigated species .4: Trees quality in different time period .5: Average quality of each species in all period .6: The survival rate of tree species by age .7: Vegetation cover and shrubs in Acacia mangium model .8: Vegetation cover and shrubs in Acacia auriculiformis model. 39 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Overview of the project approaching method .1: Average height (Hvn) among different species .2: Annual height increase (Hvn) among different species .5: Diameter at breast height (∆D1.3) among different species .3) increase among different species .9: Canopy diameter (Dt) among different species .10: Annual canopy diameter increase (∆Dt) among diferent species.11: Quality of each species in different periods .12: Quality of each species in all periods .13: Survival rate of species at 1-year and 6-years of age in Acacia mangium model 37 Figure 4.14: Forest vegetation and shrubs. 40 vi ABSTRACT In recent years, the government has launched programs to promote the reforestation of bare hills and economic forests with relatively good initial effects.
However, due to the trend of economic development, investment capital is limited. Therefore, the plantation programs in our country focus on fast growing species such as Acacia, Eucalyptus and Bodhi. These species only meet the economic objectives but not the requirements of protecting the ecological environment due to the low sustainability. In the forestry development strategy, forestry has focused on the conservation and development of indigenous tree species.
Today, it is known that the great benefits that indigenous tree species provide are not merely the provision of specialty forestry products, but also the long-standing evolution of plants should be highly adaptable to the growing conditions and have high sustainability, therefore, planting them would have many benefits. For that reason, I undertake this research: “Evaluate the growth capacity of some indigenous tree afforestation models at the center of the environmental research in Hoa Binh province”. The research was conducted by examining the area which indigenous trees are planted at the center. After preliminary evaluation, two standard sample plots of 500 m2 were established on two different supporting species which are Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis.
The results illustrate that 5 species in two models grow well under the assistance of supporting plants. However, most of the trees Acacia mangium model were better than that of Acacia auriculiformis in terms of diameter growth at breast height (D1.3), height growth (Hvn), canopy diameter (Dt), quality and survival rate. After investigating and analyzing the data, some conclusions have been drawn and hopefully they could be used to contribute to the elaboration of the scientific foundations, which shall serve as a basis for proposing solutions for optimizing indigenous trees planting efficiency. vii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ISSUE I.
Introduction Forest is a precious resource with multiple benefits for community and society. Forest is an irreplaceable part of the ecosystem which plays an extremely vital role in human life. At present, the government restricts the exploitation of natural forests and many regions have shifted to forest plantation. Provinces and enterprises determine the purpose of speeding up the economic afforestation in terms of volume and quantity to meet the demand of goods for society, first of all supplying raw materials for industrial parks and houses.
Apart from providing timber, firewood and other forest products, forests play a crucial role in protecting and maintaining habitats such as regulating climate, regulating water resources, limiting erosion, mitigating the effects of floods, the absorption of carbon dioxide, the maintenance and conservation of biodiversity. Indigenous plants have formed symbiotic relationships with native wildlife over thousands of years, therefore offered the most sustainable habitat for wild animals. A species is considered as indigenous if it exists naturally in a particular region, ecosystem, or habitat without human intervention. It is challenging for some indigenous plants to adapt to the environment such as harsh climates or special soil conditions.
Although those plants only exist within a very limited range (endemism), others can live in diverse areas or by adaptation to different surroundings. Research has found that insects depend on indigenous plants. An alternative but potentially conflicting usage is to describe plants (and animals) that are indigenous to a geographical area, even if they are known to have self-introduced in historical times. 1 Indigenous plants help the environment the most when planted in places that match their growing requirements.
They could thrive in the soils, moisture and weather of your region. That means less supplemental watering, which can be wasteful, and pest problems that require toxic chemicals. Indigenous plants also assist in managing rain water runoff and maintain healthy soil as their root systems are deep and keep soil from being compacted. If planting indigenous species (over 10-years production cycle) instead of other timber trees such as acacia hybrid, the time for the product longer but the value will be larger.
It is possible to compare the three acacia crops that will take between 23 and 25 years. In the meantime, if we invest in the planting of indigenous timber species in Group 3 (common wood for home furniture) Teak, mucilage, hymenoptera ., the trees have a diameter of about 20 - 25cm and can be harvested with a stock equal to or greater than the acacia hybrids of 7-8 years old. In addition, if the planting of multi-species trees such as pine, black, white fill ., the producer will harvest from non-timber forest products for example resin. It is higher than that of timber in terms of benefit.
Thus, in terms of economic growth of large trees, indigenous trees are at least twice as good as acacia hybrid. In terms of the area of afforestation of indigenous trees throughout 25 years, the land is continuously covered by vegetation cover and forest canopy; the forest ecosystem is stable; Acacia hybrid plantation forest is interrupted by two mining operations, equivalent to 5-6 years of land without sufficient cover, which not only eroded soil but also affected climate change. GENERAL REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ISSUE 2. In the world 2.
Indigenous plants in the world Indigenous plants are planted to a certain area during geological time. This includes plants that have developed, naturally occur, or persisted for many years in an area (plants, flowers, grass and other plants). Some countries are given good farming conditions, and with it, a number of fruitful trees, while others are less fortunate. For example, Peru has over 25,000 native plant species.
The country has a wide variety of climates and terrains, ranging from coastal lowlands to the Amazon rainforest or the Andes Mountains. In the 15th century, the Inca planted over 70 different crops and used a complex of terraces and canals to irrigate saplings. In contrast, a small island nation of the United Kingdom has a barren native vegetation. Even the trees planted here at the end of the Ice Age still taste unpleasant.
A list of wild vegetables, fruits and nuts is available for hunting British hunters including chestnut, blueberry and plum.ODUM has many research studies on ecology as the basis for researching forest ecosystems. This is a very important theoretical basis for the research and development of silvicultural techniques for tropical forest in the world. Geoge N Baur (1952, 1964, 1976) has made extensive ecological studies in the forest business, restoration and management of tropical forests. The author summarizes silvicultural treatments to bring the same age and unequal forests to tropical forest business in different continents of the world.
Richards PW (1952), Cantinot (1965) explored the morphology of the forest structure by describing structural elements that are described in detail, living, slate, stratum. 3 Parde (1961), bottam (1972), Rollet (1979) applied statistical mathematics to study the structure of forest growth, quantify the rules and at the same time to propose forest measures development techniques. Practical researches The study of the application of techniques for regeneration of indigenous tree species by different planting methods, adding to poor forests, poorly regenerated forests, etc., to improve the quality and quantity has been used in many countries such as Nigeria, Congo, Cameroon, Gabon,. In Japan: Kasama Forest Technology Center has established a series of multi-tiered forest models comprising many different species of forest trees and at different ages, at different heights in the Tsucuba region (876m high with sea squirts) for both the Japanese Cedar tree species and the interactions between plant species as well as the environmental impact of each species has found.
In Taiwan and some Asian countries have developed indigenous plants grown in bare hills after being planted with coniferous trees, resulting in sustainable mixed forest models with high productivity and positive effect in protecting the natural environment of the forest and preventing soil erosion. Indigenous plants in Vietnam Since the 1970s, our nation has spent more than 40 years researching and using indigenous trees for afforestation and forestry development throughout the country. We have obtained valuable results including preliminary selection of nearly 100 plant species, including 30 internal species, initially meeting the objectives of afforestation and protection forest plantation (Decision No. 680/1986 of the Ministry of Forestry).