MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY Huynh Ngoc Trang VALUATION OF EUROPEAN SJC GOLD OPTION IN VIETNAM ECONOMICS MASTER THESIS In Banking Ology code: 60. Pham Huu Hong Thai Ho Chi Minh city, 2010 123doc ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research project would not have been possible without the support of many people. Firstly I wish to express my deep sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Pham Huu Hong Thai for his invaluable advices and helps.
Without him, this thesis could not have been completed. Special thanks to all instructors without whose knowledge and assistance this study would not have been successful. I would like to express my deepest gratitude and honor to my dear parents for not only the love they devote to me but also for the time I took from them which should have been my devotion to them in their aged time. My thanks would also go to all of my classmates, Ms Vu Thi Thu Van and Mr Tran Quoc Trong for all of their friendship and encouragement.
I also wish to thank my friends in Eximbank for their great support. Finally, my greatest thanks would go to my husband, Mr Le Minh Nhat who is the greatest inspiration and encouragement for me to overcome all difficulties through the duration of my study. 123doc 1 ABSTRACT The main idea of this thesis is to find the most suitable approach to the valuation of SJC gold. We use the modified Black-Scholes model to price European SJC gold brand option in Vietnam, our focus is to compare the difference between option price derived by modified Black-Scholes model and option price in TOKYO COMMODITY EXCHANGE (TOCOM) in the period from 1/7/2010 to 15/8/2010.
The results show that the option price derived by modified Black-Scholes model is different from the option price in TOCOM. Since the two option price is different, we carry out the ex post and ex ante test to investigate the efficiency of Vietnam gold option market when applying the option price in TOCOM into Vietnam. The evidences from these tests provide the rejection of our hypothesis of market efficiency due to the existing of abnormal profit. Key words: SJC gold, option pricing, modified Black-Scholes model, Vietnam gold market.
123doc 2 TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgement Abstract 1 Table of content 2 Abbreviation 4 List of tables 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 6 Chapter 2: Review of modified Black- Scholes option pricing models 10 and some empirical evidences 2.1 Option and boundary conditions 10 2.2 Review of modified Black- Scholes model 11 2.3 Some empirical evidences 14 2.4 Testing the market efficiency of K.5 Volatility 18 Chapter 3: Research methodology 21 3.1 SJC gold brand price 21 3.2 Gold price and option price listed in TOCOM 22 3.2 Modified Black Scholes Model 24 3.1 Spot rate and exercise price 25 123doc 3 3.2 Interest rate of VND and Interest rate SJC gold brand 25 3.3 Time to expiration 25 3.3 The ex post and ex ante hedging test 27 Chapter 4: Empirical results and discussion 30 4.3 A comparison of SJC gold option price and 30 the option price quoted in TOCOM 4.3 The result of the Ex post tests 31 4.3 The result of the Ex Ante Tests 33 Chapter 5: Conclusion 36 List of references 38 Appendix 42 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123doc 4 ABBREVIATION ACB: Asia Commercial Bank COMEX: NewYork Commodities Exchange Eximbank: Vietnam Export Import Commercial Joint-Stock Bank PNJ: Phu Nhuan Jewelry Joint Stock Company SBJ: Sacombank Jewelry Limited Company SBV: State Bank of Vietnam SJC: Saigon Jewelry Holding Company TOCOM: Tokyo Commodity Exchange, Inc. VND: Vietnam Dong 123doc 5 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: A comparison of the difference between the call option price of SJC gold derived by Black- Scholes model and call option price of TOCOM Table 4.2: A comparison of the difference between the put option price of SJC gold derived by Black- Scholes model and put option price of TOCOM Table 4.3: Excess return from ex post hedging strategy for calls Table 4.4: Excess return from ex post hedging strategy for puts Table 4.5: Excess return from ex ante hedging strategy for calls Table 4.6: Excess return from ex ante hedging strategy for puts 123doc 6 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION In Vietnam, the gold markets have developed for more than 7 years, gold is used as a hedge against inflation, payment for real estate and traded as a currency for speculation. Among many gold brand in the market, such as: ACB gold brand, SBJ gold brand, PNJ Gold brand, SJC gold brand, the most popular gold brand traded in the market is SJC gold brand (manufactured by Sai Gon Jewelry holding company). Vietnamese investors trade gold in three ways: spot, forward and option.
The turn over of spot transaction is largest, about 95% of total, forward 4%, option 1%. From 5/2007, a breakthrough of gold market in Vietnam: the opening of first gold floor named Saigon gold exchange run by Asia Commercial Bank, and followed by lots of other gold centers. Members of the Gold exchange center are legal entities which have gold trading license and gold traders in Vietnam. The Bank is acting as a trading intermediary among the counter-partners, which ensures the settlement capacity and liquidity.
Margin deposit ratio, transaction fee, and interest rate are regulated by the Bank. At the end of 2009, Vietnam has around 20 gold trading floors where investors could deposit a small fund and then trade 14 times the value of their initial investment. Investors can timely grasp their investment opportunities and earn expected profits. On 30 December 2009, the Government Office issued Notice No.
369/TB-VPCP to convey the Prime Minister’s request to all banks to close their gold trading centres and settle all the obligations with customers by 31 March 2010. The decision was an attempt to stabilize the country’s foreign exchange market. On 6 January 2010, SBV issued Circular No.01/2010/TT-NHNN to request all credit institutions in Vietnam to stop their overseas gold margin trading activities, and close overseas margin gold trading accounts by 31 March 2010. 123doc 7 Since January 2010, after the issuance of the two circular of the State bank of Vietnam, the domestic gold market become very quiet with investment demand down sharply.
*Statement of problems: Investing in gold attract many people with a high return prospect. However, in the current situation of many uncertainty in the economy, politics in the world (and in Vietnam in particular), the investment in gold may encounter high risk. Therefore, it is necessary to use a hedge against risk, option is one of the popular method in hedging risk. However, in Vietnam, investors and hedgers do not usually trade option as a hedge against risk or as an investment in both stock market and currency/gold market.
At present, only some bank offer option in gold and currency. To calculate the option premium offered for their customer, banks base on the option price of the gold option listed in the TOCOM or COMEX or the premium offered by their counterparts in overseas. At the time of the investigation, trading gold in the overseas account has been terminated by the State Bank of Vietnam, moreover it is necessary that the banks base on a model to calculate the option premium base on the characteristic of the domestic gold markets so that the option premium could be acceptable for both the banks and their customer. In the early 1970's, Myron Scholes, Robert Merton, and Fisher Black made an important breakthrough in the pricing of complex financial instruments by developing what has become known as the Black-Scholes model.
In 1997, the importance of their model was recognized world wide when Myron Scholes and Robert Merton received the Nobel Prize for Economics. The Black-Scholes model displayed the importance that mathematics plays in the field of finance. It also led to the growth and success of the new field of mathematical finance or financial engineering. In this thesis, we use the modified Black-Scholes models for foreign 123doc 8 currency options to calculate the option price of SJC gold in the European style and compare this option price with the option price quoted in the TOCOM.
* Objectives and Rationale of the study: This study is motivated to investigate whether the modified Black-Scholes model should be used in valuation of the SJC gold option price in Vietnam by examining the difference between the option calculated by modified Black- Scholes model and the gold option price listed in the TOCOM and investigating the efficiency of the gold option market. *Research Significance: The study suggests a compatible method for commercials banks in Vietnam in valuating the European gold option price. The gold option market in Vietnam could be developed when the option price is acceptable for both investors and commercials banks. * Research questions: • Is option price of SJC gold brand calculated by modified Black- Scholes model equal to the option price of the gold traded in TOCOM? • Is it effective when apply the option price quoted by TOCOM in Vietnam gold option market? Our hypothesis: • The first hypothesis is that option price of SJC gold brand derived by the modified Black-Scholes model is equal to the option price of the gold traded in TOCOM • The second hypothesis is that the application of TOCOM option price for Vietnam gold option market is still effective.
The effectiveness of the market is that traders could earn no abnormal profit. 123doc 9 We apply the modified Black – Scholes model to price SJC gold option in the period of 1/7/2010 to 15/8/2010 for the options matured on August, October and December. The comparison between the SJC option price derived from modified Black – Scholes model and the option price quoted in TOCOM show that these two option price is different. Duplicating Kishore Tandon and Kuldeep Shatri, we carry out empirical tests include ex post and ex ante test to test the efficiency of the market when applying the option price quoted in TOCOM into Vietnam market.
The tests result that the market is not efficient because that the traders can earn abnormal profit. Organization of the thesis: Chapter 1 is an introduction, Chapter 2 is a review on modified Black – Scholes model and on K.Tandon test of market efficiency. Chapter 3 gives the research methodology including Data collection, modified Black – Scholes model and the ex post, ex ante test. Chapter 4 is empirical results and discussion.
The last chapter concludes the thesis. 123doc 10 Chapter 2: REVIEW OF MODIFIED BLACK- SCHOLES OPTION PRICING MODELS AND SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES 2. Option and boundary conditions: 2. Upper bound: For a call option, regardless of the fact that it is an American or a European call option, the option will give the holder the right to purchase 1 share of a stock/a unit of foreign currency for a certain price.
However, regardless of how high the price rises for an option; its price can never exceed that of the stock/foreign currency price. Since it is the stock or share price which the option basis its own price on. The right can never be worth the underlying asset it is written on. Therefore the upper bound for call option prices is the underlying stock price.
This means that the value of any American or European call option must be less than or equal to that of the current stock price. If the above boundaries were not as they appear, then any arbitrageur would be able to easily make a riskless profit simply by purchasing the stock and then immediately selling the call option. The upper bound for the purposes of both American and European put options is a little different. As for a put option, regardless of the fact that it is an American or a European call option, the option will give the holder the right to sell 1 share of a stock for a certain price (the strike price).