VIETNAM NATONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DAO THI THU HANG ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL WARMING IMPACTS ON PADDY RICE GROWTH AND YIELD USING A PROCESS-BASED NUMERICAL CROP GROWTH MODEL MATCRO-RICE IN THAI BINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DAO THI THU HANG ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL WARMING IMPACTS ON PADDY RICE GROWTH AND YIELD USING A PROCESS-BASED NUMERICAL CROP GROWTH MODEL MATCRO-RICE IN THAI BINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Associate Prof. YUJI MASUTOMI Associate Prof. MAI VAN TRINH Hanoi, 2020 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published. The use of other research’s result and other documents must comply with regulations.
The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis. AUTHOR OF THE THESIS DAO THI THU HANG i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS PLEDGE. i LIST OF TABLES. iv LIST OF FIGURES .v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Structure of the Thesis. Framework of the study. Rice variety (Bac Thom No. MATCRO-Rice model.
Dry matter Partitioning. Global warming impact assessment. MATCRO-Rice parameterization and validation. The effect of parameterization to phenology.
The effect of parameterization to Carbon partitioning. Yield and nitrogen response. Impact of temperature increase on rice yield. DISCUSSION AND LIMITATION .41 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Limitation of the parameterization .43 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Thai Binh province weather by month and weather averages. Site information and input. Information of Site 1 and Site 2.
Crop calendar and field measurements. Comparison of development stage index between simulation and global. Timing of growth date (mm/dd/yr). The difference between before and after calibrated nitrogen response index.
Percentage different between observed and simulated yield. The statistical analysis of rice yield. Influence of temperature increase on rice yield .40 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Framework MATCRO-Rice model simulation.
Map of Thai Binh administrative regions. Monthly average temperature (oC, line and left vertical axis) and monthly rainfall (mm, column and right axis). MATCRO-Rice model structure. The relationship between specific leaf nitrogen and DVS.
Heading date of simulation and global data. Heading date of simulation and global data. Partitioning ratio of glucose to organs including leaves (a), panicles (b) within shoots and root (c). Correlation between the observed and simulated yields.
The orange line is the 1:1 line. Comparison between simulated yield, yield at 4 warming scenarios applied for 3 nitrogen cases (high, medium and low). Menu for adaptation options on agriculture. Influence of N fertilizer levels on rice yield at different temperature increase scenarios .40 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CGM: Crop growth model DVS: Development stages index GSO: General statistic office hGDH: Growing degree hour from seedling to heading mGDH: Growing degree hour from seedling to harvest MONRE: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment RRD: Red River Delta SLN: Specific leaf nitrogen UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr.
Yuji Masutomi - Ibaraki University and Dr. Mai Van Trinh - Director of Institute for Agricultural Environment for providing the invaluable guidance, comments and suggestions throughout my thesis. I would special thank Dr. Akihiko Kotera for scientific consulting and constantly motivating me to work harder.
I am also grateful to all the lectures in the Vietnam Japan University and Ibaraki University for their support towards the successful completion of my studies in Vietnam and Japan. Without the financial support of the Vietnamese and Japanese Government which offered me a scholarship for graduate studies, this work would not have been possible. Special thanks go to all the lecturers and staffs at the Institute for Global Climate Adaptation Science (ICAS) and department of Agriculture in Ibaraki University for providing me an internship in Japan in two months which I had an opportunity to research with professionals and enjoy culture exchange. I am really grateful to them.
In addition, I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues at the Institute for Agricultural Environment for supporting me during the entire data collection period and creating best conditions for me to balance my work and study. Finally, I want to dedicate my success to my family for the encouragement and support throughout my research process. I give special thanks to my parents for helping me take care of my children, providing logistical support and encouragement that no one to help me cannot complete my work. I submit this thesis of mine with great humility and regards.
vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Rice is directly feeding more people than any other crops. Vietnam is one of the largest exporters of rice with the main supply from Red River Delta. Rice production in Red River Delta is susceptible to yield reduction from rising temperature. Thus, understanding the impacts of global warming on rice production is essential to food security in Vietnam in the near future.
This research used a reliable data of crop management in Thai Binh, located province in Red River Delta. To simulate the rice production, I used the crop growth model, MATCRO- Rice, first the model needs to be parameterized the phenology and dry matter partitioning, then I validated by comparing the simulated yield to observe yield. Next, the model was used to predict the changes of rice production under 4 warming scenarios (1.5 oC, 2 oC, 3 oC and 4 oC). Results show that the yield reduction happened in all of warming scenarios and decline up to 39% compare with observe yields.
The yield will be improved by adding more fertilizer, but this application cannot offset the losses due to rising temperature. This research got some limitation from both data and model, but it can contribute to the development of a national adaptation plan with a scientific basis. Keywords: global warming scenarios, rice production, crop growth model viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Overview According to the IPCC in 2014, climate change that was caused by global warming, has recorded high impacts on human and natural systems during the past few decades (IPCC, 2014).
At the end of the twentieth century, the temperature was recorded 0.7 oC higher than the nineteenth century. According to the conclusion of the Paris Agreement in 2015, all countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) seek the long term temperature target to protect the climate (UNFCCC, 2015) to limit future global warming to less than 2.0 o C above the pre-industrial levels (1861 – 1880). Ideally, global temperature rising will be kept under 1.5 oC (UNFCCC, 2015) due to the adverse effects of climate change that have been observed worldwide. It is necessary to evaluate climate change impacts, especially global warming to implement adaptation plans at national scale.
Fossil fuel and biomass burning are the main causes to increase carbon dioxide (CO2) in atmosphere as the main greenhouse gas. So far, the CO2 concentration has increased from 280 ppm to around 400 ppm and mainly caused climate change. On the other hand, rising CO2 concentration also roots of rising temperature and changing in precipitation and this still continues in the future (IPCC, 2014). There have been many researches on assessing the range of global warming based on the 2015 Paris Agreement on many fields across the globe (Mitchell et al., 2017) and agriculture is strongly influenced by it across the world (Faye et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Schleussner et al.
The scientists have made efforts on mitigation of global warming to ensure the food stability in context of the population continues to rise in the next decades (Gaupp et al. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food crop in the world in general and in Asia in particular (Clauss et al., 2018), directly feeding more people than any other crop. There have been a number of past studies to examine the effects of global warming on rice growth and yield in global or regional scales (Zhai and Zhuang, 2009; Chen, McCarl, & Chang, 2011; Rosenzweig et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2016; Lobell and Asseng, 2017). The exceeding temperature during the rice growth will impact on photosynthesis capacity (Cai et al., 2018), root length (Sanchez et al., 2014), increasing the rate of unfilled grain and others (Prasad et al.
When the temperature is higher, it will promote the reproductive development, thus shortening the rice growth time (Lu et al., 2008) and leading to decrease the rice yield (Prasad et al. According to Peng et al., 2004, with 1 oC increase in nighttime, rice yield will reduce by about 10% and the reasons come from the decrease of solar radiation. Other researches have shown that the future reduction in rice yields will be more evident at low latitudes than medium or high latitudes, since warmer temperatures at low latitude result in higher thermal stress for rice (Rosenzweig and Parry, 1994). Almost previous studies have shown that rice yield has been reduced due to climate change, but the extent of the reduction and the spatial variability of impacts have been controversial so far (Yang et al.
Therefore, in the future global warming could seriously threaten rice yield to feed future generation in global scale, especially in Asia. Vietnam is a developing country in which agriculture is a traditional economic sector. Currently, Vietnam is one of the world’s richest agricultural regions and is the second largest exporter worldwide and the world’s seventh largest consumer of rice. Rice cultivation accounts for more than three-quarters of the country’s total annual harvested agricultural area and employs about two-thirds of the rural labor force which has been making a significant contribution to rural livelihood (Vu and Glewwe, 2009; Nguyen, 2006).
Agricultural production could be easily affected on climate variability and according to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), an average annual temperature has tended 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com to increase by about 0. It is estimated that by the end of the 21st century, compared with the average of the period 1980-1999, the average temperature in Vietnam may increase by 2.3 oC, annual rainfall increases by 5% and the sea level may rise 75cm (MONRE, 2016). As a result, global warming has caused the instability in rice production in the country (Yu et al. Therefore, it is essential to quantify the projected impact of rising temperature on rice yield to contribute the literature on food stability and security.
Vietnam needs to proactively assess, forecast and adapt to the impacts of climate change, in order to have timely appropriate solution and agricultural economic development. Vietnam has two large rice production delta regions including Mekong delta to the south and Red River delta (RRD) to the north, which are vital to the domestic food supply. Although, each delta has different geographical characteristics, both of them are suffering from rice yield reduction because of changing climate. Climate change impacts on rice growth and yield in the Mekong delta and central part of Vietnam (Kontgis et al., 2019; Deb et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2010), however, little attention has been paid on rice production in RRD, especially in Thai Binh province which has provided largest rice in the North of Vietnam.
Moreover, with a population of 1.