VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY HOANG DINH VIET AN ESTIMATE OF PLANT BIOMASS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE CAPACITY OF THE HANOI GREEN CORRIDOR MASTER’S THESIS Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY HOANG DINH VIET AN ESTIMATE OF PLANT BIOMASS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE CAPACITY OF THE HANOI GREEN CORRIDOR MAJOR: MASTER IN INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: Dr. LE QUYNH CHI Hanoi, 2019 ANNEX two. LIST OF FORMS FOR MANAGEME LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS. i LIST OF FIGURES.
iv LIST OF TABLES. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The necessity of the research topic. Contributions and objectives of the thesis.
Terms and concepts. The concepts of Green space, Green corridor, Greenbelt are recognized by the world. Concept of GS, GC, GB according to the Master Plan of Hanoi Capital in 2011. Concept of plant biomass.
7 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW. Overview and assessing the effectiveness of the green space models outside urban centers in the world. London’s metropolitan greenbelt, Britain. Beijing area’s Greenbelt, China.
Seoul’s greenbelt, Korea. Tokyo’s greenbelt, Japan. Overview of research related to the topic. The role of carbon pools in climate change mitigation.
Studies on estimating urban plant biomass. Studies on biomass estimation using remote sensing data. 21 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY AND DATABASE. 22 i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Perspective anh methodologies. Perspective on environmental science. Perspective on biomass research and ground carbon accumulation based on satellite image data. The theoretical basis of LiDAR.
Research method diagram. Process of calculation. Data sources of satellite image. Landsat 8 satellite images data.
LiDAR data products. Identification of green corridor vegetation using GIS. Segments canopy according base on height. Plant biomass estimate base on height of canopy.
Methodology and sources of greenhouse gas inventory data. Land use/land cover (LULC) of Hanoi’ Green Corridor. 35 CHAPTER 3: FIDDING AND DISCUSSION. Results of estimate plant biomass in Hanoi Green Corridor (No consider land use change).
Change in LULC of Hanoi’s Green Corridor. Assess the 𝐶𝑂2 balance capacity in the air of Green Corridor Hanoi 42 3. Results of estimating 𝐶𝑂2 absorption capacity of GC compared to total of Hanoi 𝐶𝑂2 emission. Comparison of 𝐶𝑂2 absorption capacity of Hanoi GC with similar models in the world.
Enhance the ecological balance ability of the Green Corridor in Hanoi. 43 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Assess the ecological balance of the Green Corridor in the future 44 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Limitations of thesis.
50 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1: Green Corridor Functional Map .1: London’s metropolitan greenbelt .2 a, b: Beijing’s green belt (a), Beijing’s green belt in phase II.4 a, b: Tokyo’s greenbelt in planning project 1958 (a), Tokyo’s green space in planning project 1968.1: LiDAR working principle. Products of LiDAR technology. Research method diagram.4: Location of the Green Corridor in Hanoi .5: Landsat 8 images were taken on June 4, 2016 .6: nDSM model in the Green Corridor area .1 a,b: Biomass map of Hanoi’s Green Corridor in 2015, 2016 .2 a,b,c : Change in LULC of Hanoi’s Green Corridor in 2015, 2016, 2019.3: Change in LULC of Hanoi’s Green Corridor in 2015, 2016, 2019 diagram.4: Relationship between propotion of tree land and amount of 𝐶𝑂2 absorption.1: Compare biomass estimation results by using satellite images of different resolutions. 48 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: The goal of developing GS outside urban centers in some cities in the world .2: location and scale of green space outside urban centers in some cities in the world .1: Landsat 8 images used in the thesis .2: Statistics of total pixels for each type of tree in the GC area in 2015.3: Statistics of total pixels for each type of tree in the GC area in 2016.4: Statistics of total pixels for each type of tree in the GC area in 2019.5: Statistics on 𝐶𝑂2 emissions of Hanoi in 2015.6: Characteristics of land types classified by IPCC 2006 .1: Biomass value estimated and 𝐶𝑂2 in 2015 .2: Biomass value estimated and 𝐶𝑂2 in 2016 .3: Biomass value estimated and 𝐶𝑂2 in 2019 .4: Summary table of LULC classification results 2015, 2016, 2019 .5: 𝐶𝑂2 absorption capacity in Hanoi’s GC, Seoul’s GB and Dakota’s GS.
42 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS WWF-World Wildlife Fund IPCC - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AEBIOM - European Biomass Industry Association IPCC - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MNRE - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment REDD+ - Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) VIAP - Vietnam Institute of Architecture and Urban and Rural Planning USGS - United States Geological Survey GSO- General Statistics Office of Vietnam UHI - Urban Heat Island phenomenon GIS - Geographic Information System LiDAR- Light Detection and Ranging nDSM - normalized Digital Surface Model NDVI - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index LULC – Land use, Land cover GHG- Greenhouse gas GC- Green Corridor GS- Green space GB- Greenbelt C - Carbon 𝐶𝑂2 - Carbon dioxide 𝐶𝑂2 e - Carbon dioxide equivalent vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENT This master thesis has conducted in February 2019. At that time, I was still studying at Kanazawa University, Japan. After 5 months of internship in Japan, I returned to Vietnam to complete the thesis. Under the guidance of Dr.
Le Quynh Chi, from National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE). Therefore, I would like to express my deep gratitude and special thanks to Dr. Le Quynh Chi for her support, giving me the necessary guidance and valuable lessons to carry out my research. I would like to give these first lines to acknowledge her contribution most respectfully.
I would like to send my best wishes and deepest gratitude to Professor Kato, Tokyo University and Prof. Nguyen Dinh Duc, Vietnam National University, Hanoi and Dr. Phan Le Binh, lecturer, JICA has long been an expert at VJU, Dr. Nguyen Tien Dung, a lecturer for their careful and valuable support, which is extremely valuable for my research both in theory and in practice.
Moreover, I look forward to expressing my deep gratitude to Prof. Zhenjiang SHEN, a very talented and humble person who has only facilitated my study and work in his Urban Planning Laboratory. I also give my sincere thanks to the doctoral students, masters, and students at the laboratory who have helped me a lot in knowledge that very useful fot my thesis during my internship in Japan. Last but least, my master thesis also a present to my parents for always being by my side.
Sincerely, Hoang Dinh Viet vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT The Green Corridor (GC) is a new concept of the Master planning of Hanoi to 2030, vision 2050. The role of the GC is to become an urban logistics area to preserve the landscape and ensure urban living environment. In particular, balancing urban living environment is a very esential goal. The GC accounts for 68% of Hanoi's natural land.
The tree land in the GC is the ideal carbon sink to assist the city reduce the nagative impact of Urban Heat Island (UHI), 𝐶𝑂2 balance in the air. However, under the pressure of urbanization and the existence of urban, industrial development projects and other ongoing activities. The area of trees in the Hanoi’s GC has been declining rapidly, which reduces the ability to absorb 𝐶𝑂2 that human activities discharge. By applied the concept of plant biomass.
This thesis provides an approach through quantifying carbon contained in vegetation in the GC and the ability to balance 𝐶𝑂2 in the air of GC. Combined with remote sensing images, which is currently the strongly tool to apply for estimating biomass in large scale and complex terrain like Hanoi city. viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. The necessity of the research topic In Hanoi, Vietnam, the long-term urban development plan has been prioritized to implement, namely the "Hanoi Master Plan to 2030, vision 2050" which has been approved and implemented by the Vietnamese Government in 2011 with the goal of developing the city to become a sustainable capital in Asia (Comprehensive Report; VIAP: Hanoi, Vietnam, 2011.
In the Master Plan, Hanoi's population is expected to increase from 6.4 million in 2010 to 9. One of the main objectives of the master plan is to protect environmental through maintaining the natural environment leads to the establishment of a wide range of Green Space (GS) networks in the city, including Greenbelt (GB), green buffers and Green Corridor (GC) (Trihamdani et al, 2015). Being the 2nd largest city in Vietnam and the first city to apply the GC model in the capital development orientation. According to the general planning explanation of Hanoi, the role of the Green Corridor is mentioned with four main functions, namely: - The Green Corridor is a functional area that supports the development control for urban areas: The Green Corridor must create functional areas with low and stable construction density, which is able to limit the spread of urban development.
- The Green Corridor is an area that preserves the landscape and natural values: Protecting the values of landscape of rivers and lakes, forest and mountain areas. - Green Corridor is a logistics area for Hanoi urban: providing and ensuring food and ration for the city. - Green corridors are an important component to help the environment balance the urban environment: Creating an ecological environment for people and creating biodiversity. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com In particular, the fourth function is to create an urban ecological environment.
This is a very esential task and also a general direction in establishing the urban GS system of Hanoi. However, difference with the GS models outside core city areas of some developed countries, the GC model in the Hanoi’s Master Plan still has many shortcomings, potentially threatening to break down the proposed targets. Invasion of the GC is not only due to a large number of existing urban projects but also the village population system with high density and many other forms of ongoing activities. The creation of the GC or even a GB including residential areas or natural public spaces is not enough to ensure a strong or long-term sustainability transition (Leducq, et al, 2018).
In addition, the construction of highways through this area, including the Thang Long express to the satellite city in Hoa Lac can lead to spontaneous urbanization along the roads. This causes unwanted problems beyond the control of urban planners (Nghi, 2008). On the scientific side, the GC systems have been recognized around the world as a solution to protect biodiversity and landscape, bringing many benefits to people (Shaw et al. The benefits of GC create large natural areas, balance urban environment, create urban connection with suburban areas and suburban agricultural areas.
At the same time, the GC also facilitates the establishment of strongly management policies to limit the development of central cities, avoiding spontaneous sprawling urban expansion. Trees play an important role in reducing urban heat island phenomenon (UHI) by reducing the amount of 𝐶𝑂2 in urban environments (McHale et al. Therefore, the vegetation in the Hanoi’s GC is an esential factor that suport the "Fourth target" of Hanoi Green Corridor to promote efficiency. However, the impacts of the green network in general and the Green Corridor in particular to minimize the negative impacts of theUHI has not been scientifically evaluated in the overall planning scheme (Andhang, 2015).
2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.