大阪市立大学大学院創造都市研究科 博士学位申請論文 CHARACTERIZATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE AND EVALUATION FOR FLOOD HAZARD ZONATION IN COASTAL LOWLAND OF DANANG CITY, VIETNAM 2017 年 03 月 大阪市立大学大学院創造都市研究科 創造都市専攻創造都市研究領域 D13UD509 Tran, Thi An (トラン, テイ アン) 1 16990036839141000000 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This thesis was completed under the kind assistances of number of people who I am in debt. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to these people. First of all, my deepest gratitude is sincerely to my supervisor - Prof. Venkatesh Raghavan for his great supervision, support and continuous encouragement during my Ph.D course at Osaka City University.
His guidance always helped me in open-minded thinking and motivated me to be able to pursue my research interests. I greatly appreciate him for patiently listening to me, understanding my weakness and strengthening me when I have any trouble in researching. I learned from him not only research methods but also how to evaluate an issue, writing skills and also many moral guidance. His advises were valuable not only for my study but also for my life in Japan.
He was more than a supervisor for me. My sincere gratitude goes to Prof. Shinji Masumoto, Graduate School of Science for his continuous support for me from the first day I entered this Osaka City University. His immense knowledge and guidance helped me during my research study and he gently pointed me in the right direction when I had mistakes.
Thanks to his great support, I could pass over difficulties and finish my Ph. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Associate Prof. Go Yonezawa and Associate Prof. Daisuke Yoshida for their great support for me in Geoinformatics Lab.
I would like to thank them for giving me useful comments during seminar over last four years which were valuable for my research. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Susumu Nonogaki, Geological Survey of Japan for great support for me in DEM generation method. He has given me the guidance in detail, the valuable comments and suggestions that helped me grow up in research.
His developed BS-Horzion program which was investigated in this study is one of the most important tools for the completion of this thesis. Especially thanks to Prof. Kiyoji Shiono, Japan Society of Geoinformatics for his kindly suggestions and corrections for the evaluation of parameters in BS-Horizon DEM generation. My sincere thanks especially goes to my colleagues in Geoinformatics Lab for accompany with me during my course.
The discussion with them were always helpful for improving my study. 2 I also gratefully acknowledge Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology for granting me Monbukagakusho - MEXT scholarship to enable me to study in Osaka City University. Also I thank to Graduate School for Creative Cities for their facilities support for my research. Besides, I would also thank to Danang Department of Natural Resource and Environment for providing field survey data which was very important in this research.
I would also like to thank The University of Danang, my professors as well as my colleagues in Faculty of Geography, University of Science and Education, The University of Danang for their support for me to study abroad. Thanks also goes to all of my friends in Japan. With memories of joy and help from them, I will never forget the great times we spent together. Especially thanks to Ms.
Sachiko Raghavan for her kind help in everything during my life in Japan. Last but not least, my unlimited thanks go to my beloved parents for their long- distance support and encouragement in every moment of my life, even though with lot of their difficulties. Especially thanks to my little family, husband and my son for their great love and heartening me up in researching. I could not finish my Ph.D without encouragement from my family.
Whatever I achieved is only to make them happy and proud. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ABSTRACT. i Chapter One: INTRODUCTION.
Overview and motivation. Flood situations in Central Vietnam and Danang area. Review of related researches. 6 Chapter 2: FUSION OF OPTICAL STEREO AND InSAR DERIVED GLOBAL DEMs.
Fusion of optical stereo and InSAR derived DEM data. DEM quality assessment .3 Minimizing DEM bias effect .4 DEM fusion algorithm. Filtering the noises for fused DEM. Accuracy assessment for fused DEM.
Limitations of fused DEM. 21 Chapter Three: GENERATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION DEM USING BS-HORIZON METHOD. BS-Horizon theory. Evaluating effects of parameter settings on the BS-Horizon DEM generation.
Equality and inequality constraints. Effect of M and α settings. M and α settings in case of using only equality constraints. Effects of M and α settings for equality-inequality constraint.
Surface characteristics for different inequality constrained intervals. Evaluating effect of m1 and m2 settings. Comparing BS-Horizon DEM generation from equality and equality- inequality constrained data. Selection of appropriate parameters for BS-Horizon DEM generation.
BS-Horizon DEM assessment. 37 Chapter Four: FLOOD HAZARD ZONATION USING MULTI-PARAMETRIC ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP). Study area and data used. DEM generation for study area.
Flood inundation mapping from satellite image. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Causative parameters of flood. Elevation based flood inundation (EFI).
Distance from the river channel (DIST). Topographic Wetness Index (TWI). Determining the weights for parameters of flood hazard. Flood hazard index (FHI) and flood hazard zonation.
49 Chapter Five: DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. 54 5 LIST OF FIGURES. Location of study area and topographic overview. Flowchart of data processing .Correlation between GDEM and Reference DEM before (left) and after (right) filling voids.
Comparing stream networks of global DEMsandReference DEM before (up) and after (down) shifting DEM: (a) GDEM; (b) SRTM. Comparing GDEM and SRTM to Reference DEM: (a) before re-interpolation SRTM and shifting data; (b) after re-interpolation SRTM and shifting data. Correlation of GDEM and SRTM in flat (a) and mountainous (b) areas. A profile of GDEM and SRTM compare to Reference DEM in flat area.
Difference elevation of GDEM and SRTM with respect to Reference DEM from mountain to flat area. Behaviour of GDEM and SRTM to Reference DEM in difference topographic contexts. Landform classification map from SRTM. Weighted averaging used to fused global DEMs.
Result of denoising algorithm (Sun et al. 2007) on fused DEM. Correlation between fused DEM and Reference DEM. Difference in elevation between fused DEM and Reference DEM.
Histogram from the difference elevation maps of SRTM, GDEM and Fused DEM.16: Slope (a), profile curvature (b) and tangential curvature (c) of fused DEM .17: Normal vector of topographic surface (a) and the angular difference between two normal vector (Hodgson and Gaile, 1999). Limitations of Fused DEM compared to reference elevation data. Location of study area including field survey point elevation data (a) and Satellite RapidEye imagery in 2014 (b) of corresponding area. Distribution of field survey point elevation in study area based on different cases of M.
Equality and inequality constraints used in surface estimations. Calculations of R( f ), J( f ) and the resulting Q( f ) in different cases of M and when using equality constrained data. DEMs generated from equality constrained data using different M and settings. Representation of R( f ), J( f ) and Q( f ) according to different M and α when using equality-inequality data.
DEMs generated from equality-inequality constrained data using different M and settings. Surfaces generated from equality constraints and equality-inequality constraints with R( f ) <= 0. DEM generated from equality constraints in different m1 and m2 settings (Parameter M = 200, = 1. DEM generated from equality constraints in different m1 and m2 settings with R( f ) <= 0.
Location of study area in Vietnam. Flow chart of the flood hazard zonation. ALOS PALSAR on 31st October 2007 (a) and the flood inundation map extracted from PALSAR data (b). Parameters used in AHP based flood hazard zonation.
Flood hazard zonation map of the study area. Correlation between estimated and recorded flood depth data in 2007. 85 7 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Disaster history in Danang, Vietnam from 1997 to 2009.
General information of global DEMs and reference DEM. SRTM before and after interpolation into 30m. Results of GDEM after filling artifacts and shifting. The mean errors of GDEM and SRTM according to land cover map.
Mean of absolute error (MAE) from slope error maps of GDEM and SRTM on each landform area. General statistics for the error of GDEM, SRTM and fused DEM. Comparison of differences in some terrain parameters of GDEM, SRTM and Fused DEM with respect to Reference DEM. Result of angular difference of unit NV between global DEMs, fused DEM and Reference DEM.
Distribution of field survey elevation points in different cases of M. Statistics of DEMs from equality data in different M and settings. DEMs from equality-inequality data in different M and . Statistics of the surfaces with R( f ) <= 0.
Statistical results of 5m DEMs created from inequality constraints in different intervals. Statistical results of 5m DEMs in different m1 and m2 settings (Input: Equality data, M = 200, = 1. Statistical results of 5m DEMs in different m1 and m2 settings with R( f ) <= 0. Data used in flood hazard zonation.
Saaty scale for various elements comparison. Pair-wise comparison (PC), normalized values (NV) and corresponding weights for flood hazard parameters. Parameters classes, ratings and corresponding weights. Flood hazard zonation based on FHI.
99 8 ABSTRACT Flooding is one of the most frequent and damage causing natural disaster in Vietnam. Flood occurrence becomes more exacerbated in the coastal areas of Central Vietnam. These areas, especially Danang and Quang Nam provinces were experiencing several flood events in the past. Due to the increasing frequency of flood events, flood hazard zonation become becomes indispensable for evaluation the flood risk in this region.
The topography which directly related to flood hazard but such relationship is still poorly understood. Several methods have been developed for flood hazard zonation using various approaches. Previous studies have been carried out in order to determine the flood potential in Danang City, Vietnam based on hydro-geomorphological methods integrated with remote sensing data (Ho et al., 2012; Do et al. However, those studies reveal limitations in lack of high resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and near-flood events satellite data which leads to generate inaccuracy results in developing a comprehensive flood prevention plan.
This study aims to characterize the topographic surface and evaluation for flood hazard zonation in coastal lowland of Danang City, Vietnam. Digital elevation model (DEM) is one of the most important data source for accurately characterizing the flood hazard potential. Therefore, in the first stage of this study, algorithms for high quality DEM generation was investigated. Firstly, global free DEM data including Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global DEM (GDEM) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEM data were utilized to generate DEM for Danang City.
It is observed that the accuracy of GDEM and SRTM varies depending upon the geomorphological characteristics of target area. Fusion between two global DEMs using geomorphological approach is an appropriate solution to enhance the quality of free DEMs for Danang City, Vietnam. The data fusion technique was applied by weighted averaging of GDEM and SRTM based on the topographic context. Fused DEM were compared with reference DEM to discuss about accuracy and impact of terrain related parameters in variation on DEM quality.
Results indicate that fused DEM has improved accuracy than individual global DEM and most artifacts were successfully eliminated.