MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY — HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology EXTRACTION OF DURIAN SEED STARCH USING ULTRASONIC TREATMENT AND PRODUCTION OF HYDROLYZED STARCH WITH ALPHA-AMYLASE A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Nguyen Huynh Quyen Supervisor: Assoc. Kha Chan Tuyen MSc. Nguyen Vinh Hien Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank to the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology at Nong Lam University in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, for giving me the opportunity to learn and providing supportive conditions for me to complete the research. Besides, the Food Engineering Labotory and Thu Dau Mot University Laboratory created favorable conditions for me to do the research.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Kha Chan Tuyen for him knowledgeable guidance, efficacious suggestions, encouragement, and support throughout my studies and completion of this work. Furthermore, special thanks to MSc. Nguyen Vinh Hien, who always accompanied me and always gave me valuable knowledge during the completion of my thesis.
I would like to thanks to my family, who have always been understanding, uncompromisingly supported me, and encouraged me to overcome difficult times. Finally, I also extend my thanks to my classmates who have actively contributed and helped me in the study process as well as in completing my thesis. Nguyen Huynh Quyen Ho Chi Minh City, 2023 1 ABSTRACT The research “Extraction of Durian Seed Starch Using Ultrasonic Treatment and Production of Modified Starch with Alpha-Amylase Enzymes” was conducted from June 2023 to May 2024 at the Food Engineering Labotory of Nong Lam University and Thu Dau Mot University Laboratory. Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) seeds, a byproduct of durian paste processing, have potential applications in both food or non-food industries.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of water to flour ratio, temperature, extraction time, pH levels, ultrasound intensity, and ultrasound time on starch recovery yield, as well as the conversion of starch into hydrolyzed starch by using enzyme a-Amylase. The most suitable extraction process determined was a water-to-flour ratio of 30:1, with a pH level of 11, and extraction conducted at ambient temperature (30°C) for 1. Ultrasonic treatment at intensity 500W for 2 min yielded the highest recovery yield. Additionally, the ideal enzyme concentration for the dextrinization process was found to be 5% at a pH level of 6.
Besides, this research investigated appropriate hydrolysis conditions to achieve the highest reducing sugar content, determining that a temperature of 90°C over a duration of 70 min was the most suitable. In term of physicochemical properties such as ash content, swelling ability, and solubility, starch treated with ultrasound exhibited superior results compared to untreated starch. In summary, starch extraction with ultrasonic treatment offers higher etraction recovery yield and improved physicochemical properties compared to conventional extraction methods, showcasing significant for pharmaceutical, chemical, and food applications. Keywords: Durian seeds starch, ultrasonic-treatment, hydrolyzed starch, enzyme a- Amylase, starch isolation.
111 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMEN 1S srissscssssessscestacosvessacesssesecossssunsesessussesecsunsstsessnsvensssucezussnses ii ABSTRACT sssscssscscescssascscacessunsssveseancsnsuassssosensonssnnsssaneassansoxsnacssvassossassusssssassssessesess iii CONTENTS ssesscsssscsscsnsesseassavesescesvancssassnsensessessaseonentensseentencceaseessnescensestesenmevenseeeereust iv LIST OF EIGUIRLES.-- 5 < << << cư mm viii LIST. OF TA BLUE:::ccccccccccccitcicccikc862061105385586063655385623u58L35L3ELEMG8ES3053Gu58E558Eg356855888:ã ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS sssessssssssunssssnsssssnssesssssnsonconssnveossasonseneusensensvensnsoseesesevins x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .- <5 << << Ăn cm mm me 1 Í¿]› CJBISGHTWGE OF SHUG Y cesses nano Th HA 131õttL016313038.38i00GB09SN8815839359i-321G000k3805SGESSEIGS. Nowelty Of the thes8 ics: soso cease Sbifgiitis6iAgiogiggitiiiGbrcboisolatRonisrsedisgrea 2 1.3 Seientifie and practical significance s.cis<icezascsearvenass<niarataentesasrendeacveaadidennauerevens 2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE, RE VIEW ssssscsssonsensovsesnssnseeseveneresonsssevevsenevennssssvonens 3 Dol AGCHETAL HỮGEIHHAKHDlsearanetondidsitibiBIGSiGGESBEYGBSSESSNBIEWEHBIGHSSEESSSGIGSSSRSSIESKESG.SESERIEIASĐSG1GIE 3 2. Characteristics of Durio zibethinus Murray .12]: T3 LAI SGESitzcztieoessiosib)4608G255028HES222XEHESHESHEIEEDS-SĐNEĐSS-ERL3gB445)3HẸ392GEG0-VS:ZTĐS22028086 4 ñ.2: LUE SGSG5L1GIT(TTSTK ss seo dan nb cà tư Hh nh Sa go3Ng th) Gios2bdi03ãu86 láia8dLaliáe sasladastieluiagkse 5 2.
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The effect extraction time on starch recovery y1eld. The effect of ultrasound intensity on starch recovery y1eld. The effect of ultrasound time on starch recovery y1eld. Evaluation of physicalchemical prOpert1€S.-- ---- + 5-5 >+ss++x>+sc+szsss 20 3.
Dextrinization of durian seeds starch (DSS) using o-Amylase enzyme. The effect of enzyme concentration on reducing sugar confent. The effect of hydrolysis time on reducing sugar confent. Survey the effect of temperature on reducing sugar confenI.
The effect of pH on reducing sugar €COnIf€TIE. Analysis of physicochemical prOP©TI€S.-- --- <5 5222222 ++cszeszrrrrerrrres 22 SAL RedUGING SUPAL (G0TETIEesseosesessstossiessortootildtiooiosiSgi0<DiSni3GiBgad28i8-20H0g.im20gimdggngii-2ug/46.0038 22 li: SUALCN AE COVERY VI A x csuceswnssacpnasnenacaswasman sassen sueatunelennanseasasmnsaulsaanensmnensneamnanaus 23 BANI NTS IGOFI(SIÏÍ.e-sá-seoboeosseieobldBelkdônordodbentuoddgesiksietlRiuciululfouslierGi/3ocsggicduteiosrdugssslbsEeddduderd 23 3:4:4: Swelling abillity ard Solibility sa koabidticlddELGLS1S153384ENLSSERS503/,1383E2EE13884. Morphological and size characteristics of starch øranules.5, Statistical angly SiS sua aioeno t0 tieng B8DHEIPRGSSagSB04EngliSiedlosglSS4Ss0SS.ã4 25 CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION. The effect of factors on extraction Process.
The effect of water-to-flour ratio on starch recovery y1eld. The effect of temperature on starch recovery yIeÌd. The effect of pH levels on starch recovery y1eÌd. The effect of extraction time on starch recovery y1eld.
The effect of ulatrasound intensity on starch y1eld. The effect of ulatrasound time on starch y1eÏd. Dextrinization of durian seed starch (DSS) with o-Amylase enzyme. The effect of enzyme concentration on reduccing sugar confenI.
The effect of hydrolysis time on reducing sugar confent. The effect of temperature on reducing sugar conf€n. The effect of pH levels on reducing sugar €Onf€TI. Physicochemical properties of durian seeds starch (DSS) and ƯT-starch.
Ash content, moisture content, swelling abillity and solubility.2 Morphological and size characteristics of starch øgranules.-- ---- --- 37 CHARPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. cố cổ EEE 40 IERIKHIRIEBINI Oe ee eee ees Nee are acre ser ese errors 41 APPENDIX A. GLUCOSE STANDARD CURVE .--5-< 5-5 << ==<<<<e 46 vi APPENDIX B: CACULATION 200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006000006000000s°° se APPENDIX C: FIGURES AND TABLES OF ANOVA ANALYSIS. vil LIST OF FIGURES IiTai020089)ðvi.
Kho Qua Xanh: dỤT HÀ csxzá:sssszcssca t2 5580101 G000A0462333SG55GHE4-SGGSES-IGESSi-0/338.EMi32gSEU ii Eloure2. Presh:duriail 86 C0 weccesece eee eeieerusereweraee ee 8 Figure 2. Ultrasonic sample destruction machine VCX500. Procedure of extracting and dextrinizing durian seeds starch.
Durian seeds flour 1. Reducing sugar content at different enzyme concentrations (%). Reducing sugar content at different hydrolysis times. Reducing sugar content at different temperatures.
Reducing sugar content at different pH levels. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of durian seeds starch with ultrasonic-treatment (UT-starch). A1: 2,000 times magnification; A2: 5,000 times magnification; A3: 10,000 times magnIÍiCafIOI. Glucose standard CUTV©.-- --- + 22+ SE S2 SE 2n rệt 46 Figure C.
Starch recovry yield at different ratios (V:W).----cc+ccsccseceerrerres 48 Figure C. Starch recovry yield at different temperatures (°C). Starch recovry yield at different pH levels. Starch recovry yield at different extraction times (hours).
Starch recovry yield at different ultrasound intensities (W). Starch recovry efficiency yield at different ultrasound times (min). 50 vill LIST OF TABLES Table 2. The chemical composition of durian seeds fÏour.
1SỈ OF ChemiCals sáx56 515464280016 G0G0S1G1028B13403283830046G9833G883805GES438430SE14045885E4088 13 Table 3. List of equipments and 1nstruI€niS.- -- -- 55-55 +++x+sx+ecseeeerercee 14 Table 4. Starch recovery yield at different ratio of water-to-flour (v:W). Starch recovery yield at different temperature (°C).
Starch recovery yield at different pH levelÌs. Starch recovry yield at different extraction times (hours). Starch recovry yield at different ultrasound intensities (W). Starch recovry yield at different ultrasound times (min).
Physicochemical characteristics of durian seeds starch with ultrasonic- treatment. aqseee seen REeRT TER TAREE EER I ERIE ER 46 Table C. Anova data analysis for extraction Process. Anova data analysis for dextrin process.:esceeseeseeeseeseeseeeseeeeeeseeseeenees 52 1X LIST OE ABBREVIATIONS LDPE Low-density polyethylene HDPE High-density polyethylene DSS Durian seeds starch DSF Durian seeds flour UT Ultrasonic-treatment UAE Ultrasound-assisted extraction CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION In recent years, the consumption of products made from wheat flour has increased, leading to a corresponding increase in the importation of wheat into Vietnam.
Durian seeds boast a remarkably high carbohydrate content, making them suitable for processing into flour with a significant economic potential, serving as raw material for diverse flour-based products (Mulyati, Widiastuti, & Oktaviani, 2018). It is worth nothing that , only around 30% of durian fruit is typical consumed, leaving the remainder waste, with seeds accounting for 20-25% of the entire fruit (Baraheng & Karrila, 2019). Utilizing durian seeds for starch production not only helps alleviate waste disposal costs for many companies but also enhances the economic value of durian seeds. In the past, scientists commonly employed hydro technique in chemically organic solvents such as hexane, acetone, and benzene, to extract components from nuts.
Howerver, these traditional extraction techniques pose several drawbacks, including environment hazards, safety concerns, and compromised product quality due to solvent residues. Furthermore, modern consumers are increasingly prioritizingly the "natural" attributes of products, particularly when food additives derived from natural sources are used to enhance texture, flavor, and color without compromising health. Given these concerns, using enzyme technology has gained trection as a more environmentally friendly alternative to organic solvent extraction in recent years. Specific enzymes, like cellulase, pectinase, and tannase, are capable of efficiency breaking down cell walls, offering a safer and more sustainable approach to extraction.
In addition to extracting starch from durian seeds, our research also focused on transforming this potential starch into a natural food additive for widespread future use. Scientists have employed ultrasonic treatment to aid in extraction, a technique well regarded or its capacity to boost the effectiveness of solvent diffusion within the substance. The incorporation of ultrasound-assisted extraction has significantly improved extraction yield, as demonstrated in practice (X. Luo et al.
Once extracted, the starch undergoes dextrinization to change its solubility in water, thereby serving as a stabilizer for various products. Globally, only limited investigations have been conducted on the characteristics, uses, and extraction of polysaccharides from durian seeds. Particularly in Vietnam, there has been a dearth of research on the characteristics, extraction process, and application, especially for the Kho Qua Xanh durian variety. For the above reasons, our study was conducted to extract starch from durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds with the assistance of the ultrasound and simultaneously convert it into modified starch suitable for industrial food applications.
Objectives of study This study had two main objectives: 1), to evaluate the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction on starch yield, and 2) to produce hydrolyzed starch using a-Amylase enzyme through dextrinization technique. Novelty of the thesis - Research on Kho qua xanh durian variety has not been previpously published in Vietnam or worldwide. - The combined effects of ultrasound and dextrinization via the o-Amylase alter the structure and physicochemical properties of starch. Furthermore, this process renders the starch soluble at ambient temperature and enhances its digiestibility compared to conventional starch.
This innovative approach represents a novel direction in the extraction and utilization of durian seeds starch in food application.3 Scientific and practical significance Scientific significance: The findings of the thesis will serve as a crucial scientific foundation for future studies aiming to determine the optimal parameters for the starch processing of Green bitter melon durian seeds. Practical significance: The recovery of starch from durian seeds holds significant practice implication for its application in food processing, preservation, and pharmaceuticals. This endeavor not only enhances the ultilization of by-products from durian processing establishments and enterprises but also contributes to improving their overall value. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.