MINISTRY OF JUSTICE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI LAW UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI KIM DUNG 453255 EXAMINING DIFFICULTIES STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING LEGAL ENGLISH VOCABULARY OF LEGAL ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT HANOI LAW UNIVERSITY GRADUATION THESIS Hanoi — 2023 MINISTRY OF JUSTICE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI LAW UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI KIM DUNG 453255 EXAMINING DIFFICULTIES STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING LEGAL ENGLISH VOCABULARY OF LEGAL ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT HANOI LAW UNIVERSITY KHẢO SÁT NHUNG KHO KHAN VA CHIEN LƯỢC CẢI THIEN TU VUNG TIENG ANH PHAP LY CUA SINH VIEN CHUYEN NGÀNH TIENG ANH PHAP LY TẠI TRUONG ĐẠI HỌC LUAT HA NOI Major: Legal English GRADUATION THESIS Supervisor Vu Van Tuan, Ph. Hanoi — 2023 1 STUDENT DECLARATION Thereby state that I: Nguyen Thì Kim Dung — ID 453255, beinga candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts accept the reqrarements of the University relating to the retention and use of Bachelor ’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper. Hanoi, December 26", 2023 Supervisor’s confirmation Researcher's signature VuVan Tuan, PhD.
Nguyen Thi Kim Dung ACKNOWLEDGMENT During the process of doing this graduation thesis, I have received much necessary assistance, valuable opinions, and encouragement from teachers, family, and friends. This thesis might not have been come up to my expectations without the encouragement and support of those who deserve my sincere gratitude and appreciation. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor - Dr. Vu Van Tuan, for his valuable guidance on my graduation thesis, patience, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge.
He is always enthusiastic and dedicated to guiding me in all the stages of completing the thesis. Secondly, I would love to send my sincere thanks to all the staff and lecturers of the Faculty of Legal Foreign Languages at Hanoi Law University, where I have had the honor of studying for the past four years and provided with valuable language knowledge for this research process. I would also like to thank the members of the thesis defence committee for spending their valuable time and extensive professional knowledge to offer constructive comments and suggestions for the thesis. Their favourable remarks have been integrated in the bookbinding of this thesis.
I would also like to sincerely thank the students K45 and K46 for their enthusiastic participation in the research Their kind-hearted contribution played an essential part in the completion of this study. Last but not least, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my big family and friends, who supply me with emotional support, encouragement, great tolerance and unconditional love not only in the success of this research, but also all walks of life iv ABSTRACT In the context of a global economy and integration, the need for legal practitioners who can participate in consulting, negotiating and drafting legal documents is increasing Many law institutions have begun to focus on providing knowledge of legal English to train human resources to serve this demand. In learning legal English, one of the utmost issues to pay attention to is vocabulary because it has many unique features that are different from other types of ESP. This study investigates the difficulties that legal English major students encounter in the process of acquiring vocabulary as well as proposes some strategies to help students improve their legal English vocabulary knowledge.
The research was conducted on 166 legal English students who were in courses 45 and 46 at Hanoi Law University, using mixed methods. The findings indicate that the prominent difficulties faced by students are the use of Archaic and foreigwborrowed words, the use of reciprocal words, the use of synonymy in legal terminology, and the non-equivalence in Vietnamese legal terminology. The results on vocabulary learning strategies show that social strateges were used with the highest frequency, while memory strategies were used the least frequently. Through the results, some implications and recommendations about ESP vocabulary learning strategies are suggested for references.
More specifically, these findings would benefit the school administrators to consult for the promulgation of the renovative legal English policies, teachers who are directlyin charge of teachinglegal English subjects, students who are major in this legal field, and those who are interested in improving legal vocabulary. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration by author iii Acknowledgments iv Abstract v Table of contents List of tables List of abbreviations PART 1. Rationale for study bPœYH1©Ap@EW 2. Aims and Objectives of the Study 2.
Aims of the study 2. Objectives of the study 3. Scope of the Study 5. Significance of the Study 6.
Structure of the Study PART II. The overview of vocabulary 111. Types of vocabulary 1. The aspects of vocabulary 1.
The overview of legal English GBI6AH 1. Legal English vocabulary and its characteristic 1.2 The importance of legal English vocabulary 1. The overview of vocabulary learning strategies 1. Vocabulary learning strategy 1.
Clarifying Schmitt's vocabulary learning strategies vi 1. The importance of vocabulary learning strategies 19 1. Previous studies on difficulties and strategies in learning legal 20 English vocabulary 1. Summary mow&vEANk CHAPTER 2.
Research Question Restated 2. Procedures of data collection 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3. Demographic information of the respondents 3.
The analysis of the difficulties in learning legal English vocabulary 3. The analysis of the students’ vocabulary learning strategies for learning legal English 3. Vocabulary learning strategies most employed by legal English major students 3. The summative analysis of students’ semi-structured interviews guide on legal English vocabulary learning strategies 3.
Summ ary 49 PART III. Summary of the main findings 50 41.1 Learners’ difficulties in learning legal English 50 41.2 Legal English major students‘ vocabulary learring strategies 50 4. Limitations and suggestions for further research 3 431. Suggestions 53 REFERENCES 54 APPENDIX Appendix A.
THE SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDE ON LEGAL ENGLISH VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGIES viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Profiles of the respondents involving in the study 28 Table 2. Learners’ difficulties in learning legal English vocabulary 31 Table 3. The descriptive statistics of VLS used by participants 32 Table 4.
The analysis of determination strategies 34 Table 5. The analysts of social strategies 36 Table 6. The analysis of memory strategies 39 Table 7. The analysis of cognitive strategies 41 Table 8.
The analysis of metacognitive strategies 43 Table 9. The ten most frequent VLS 46 Table 10. Stonmarized analysis of shidents* semi-structured interviews ` 4T LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS coG : Cognitive strategies DET : Determination strategies EFL English as a Foreign Language ELP : English for Legal Purposes ESL : English as a Second L anguage ESP : English for Specific Purposes HLU : Hanoi Law University L1 : Mother Language/Mother Tongue L2 : Second Language LE : Legal English MEM : Memory strategies MET : Metacognitive strategies soc : Social strategies ULAW : Ho Chi Minh City University of Law VLS : Vocabulary learning strategies PART I.INTRODUCTION This part provides the context of the research by explaining the rationale, aims of the study, research questions, significance, and scope of the study, along with the structure of the paper. Rationale for study In the process of teaching and learning a foreign language, the development of a student’s vocabulary is seen as being of utmost importance (Susanto, 2017).
According to Algahtam (2015), developing a strong vocabulary is crucial for effectively using a second language (L2) and is crucial for producing coherent spoken and written forms. Learning vocabulary is essential for improving all language abilities, including hearing speaking reading, and writing in English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign L anguage (EFL). As reported by Vafaee and Suzuki (2020), vocabulary knowledge considerably influences students’ listening ability. To be more specific, when conducting research, they obtained results that vocabulary knowledge was tice as influential as syntactic knowledge in L2 listening ability.
In other words, apart from syntactic knowledge, vocabulary knowledge plays a central role in helping learners succeed in listening comprehension (Bloomfield et al. Regarding speaking ability, Dalimunthe and Haryadi (2022) assert that students’ lexical mastery directly impacts speaking skills. It means that the speaking skills of a student with a nich or insufficient vocabulary are different. Students’ vocabulary includes active and passive vocabulary, while active vocabulary is used frequently in speaking For L2 learners, active vocabulary is usually less than passive vocabulary, so L2 learners are often in need of being given assistance in expressing speaking ability in case of lacking active vocabulary.
Regardingreading skills, many studies (e.g, Manyak & Bauer, 2009, Martin-Chang & Gould, 2008; Ricketts et al., 2007) indicate that vocabulary knowledge facilitates students to develop better reading comprehension Vocabulary knowledge directly impacts on reading comprehension skills and is considered as the foundational knowledge of reading comprehension (Martin-Chang & Gould, 2008). Poor vocabulary command and 1 lack of knowledge about the lexical meanings make it impossible for readers to comprehend thoroughly what a text is about. A deep understanding of vocabulary will help improve reading comprehension results. Martin-C hang and G ould (2008) affirm that vocabulary is an indispensable part of reading comprehension, assisting learners in decoding and profoundly grasping the text.
Murphy and Unthieh (2015) posit that a lack of vocabulary knowledge affects the success of learners’ reading comprehension skills. Vocabulary is central to reading, learners will have difficulty understanding text if they lack frequently used vocabulary (Coxhead et al, 2010). Besides speaking skills, writing is also a visual form of expressing language. Vocabulary knowledge impacts learners’ writing ability and quality (e.g, Milton, 2013; Park, 2012, Stehr, 2008).
In writing, learners must use precise vocabulary to express ideas or opinions and follow an appropriate structure. In accordance with Fareed et al. (2016), learners are influenced by many factors in developing writing skills, especially grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. Research conducted by Anistasya (2022) once again confirms which vocabulary is the factor that causes the most difficulty and affects learners’ writing ability.
Itis obvious to recognize the vital role of vocabulary in language learning, along with phonetics, and grammar, those are factors promoting the ability to improve four basic language skills —listening speaking reading, and writing —in general and English in particular. In the field of language education, especially English for Specific Purposes (ESP), Northcott (2009) postulates that legal English is considered to greatly different from other ESP fields. Notably, he asserts that no other academic subject requires as thorough acquisition of language and thinking as legal English Legal English is only used in some English native-speaking countries such as England, America, Canada,. and in other countries English is used as a second language like India, Philippines, or Singapore.
However, even students (in England) are not equipped with the amount of knowledge and vocabulary for studying law because itis different in all aspects from studying other subjects (Strong 2018) to 1. The system of legal terminology differs in each country’s legal system; for example, laws belonging to Common Law traditions have distinct characteristics from Civil Law traditions; 2. Discourses in legal seminars and legal documents are needed to explain and teach the vocabulary used in specialized legal documents by people with intensive expertise in the legal field, 3. Legal English also borrows from general English a large number of vocabulary words with unfamiliar meanings, causing difficulties in teaching and learning, such as action, which has the meaning of litigation and proceedings; 4.
The use of Archaic and foreign words/Maxims borrowing from French and Latin originis commonin legal writing, making them a feature of legal English vocabulary. Moreover, prepositional phrases, phrasal verbs in a quasi-technical sense, and synonyms are also important features to pay attention to when teaching and learning legal English Legal English is known as legalese the English language used by lawyers, judges, and in legal documents that is difficult for ordinary people to understand (Mellinkoff, 2004).