THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY TRAN DIEU LY TOPIC TITLE: EFFECTS OF NITROGEN TYPES ON YIELD PERFORMANCE AND NO3 CONTENT IN MUSTARD IN THAI NGUYEN BACHELOR THESIS Study mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2010 - 2015 Thai Nguyen, 23/01/2015 n Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Tran Dieu Ly Student ID DTN1053110388 Thesis Title Effects of Nitrogen types on yield performance and NO3- content in Mustard in Thai Nguyen Supervisor Dr. Nguyen Duc Nhuan Abstract: The production of vegetables has been a key sector for the economy of the households in Thai Nguyen City. Safety vegetable production has been the Plant Protection Department attention which opened the training for farmers. However, until now effect of the program is not high because growers are not consciousness with food safety but profit.
The farmers do not fully follow the safe vegetable production model. Therefore, there is no assurance of quality and safe vegetables to consumers that is the reason why consumption is very low. Content of NO3- in mustard in Thai Nguyen City: The results of analysis of mustard grow in winter 2014 at Thai Nguyen areas are shown that On the average, the nitrate content of vegetable samples from 4 treatment non exceeded safe levels when applied fertilizers: Urea 46%, Superphosphate 16% P2O5, potassium sulphate 58% K2O5, (NH4)2SO4 21%, NH4Cl 26% follow treatment 70N + 60 P2O5+ 35 K2O5 .Mustard isn't excess of the permitted standards this is for mustard. The accumulation of n nitrate in vegetables after harvest ascending doses nitrogen, lowest in control treatment is 52.60 mg / kg fresh and the highest in the treatment 2 Urea 46% N / ha is 301.28 mg/kg fresh, the treatment 3 (NH4)2SO4 21% is 272.62 mg/kg fresh, the treatment 4 NH4Cl is 256.46 mg/kg fresh.
Nitrate tends to decrease when the last time dressing as far as the day of harvest. Land used for vegetable production in Thai Nguyen City are of alluvial soil or sandy rich soil with pH 5.7 (acid soil) and humus, N, P2O5, K2O contents are low. The content of NO3- in the soil before planting is 0.36 mg NO3- /kg soil. At harvest, NO3- content accumulated lowest in the soil at control treatment 0.55 mg/100g soil, highest in treatment 2 and 3 (Urea and (NH4)2SO4 are 0.71 mg/100g soil, the treatment 4 NH4Cl is 0.
The study suggested some recommendations specifically suitable for study areas in order to improve sustainable quality and quantity of vegetables consumed in Thai Nguyen. Keywords: Number of pages: pages Date of Submision : 15/01/2015 n Acknowledgements I would like to express deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Nguyen Duc Nhuan for his full support, expert guidance, understanding and encouragement throughout my study and research. Without his incredible patience and timely wisdom and counsel, my thesis work would have been a frustrating and overwhelming pursuit.
In addition, I express my appreciation to teachers in Faculty Resource Management. Their thoughtful questions and comments were valued greatly. I would also like to thank Dr. Tran Thi Pha, engineer Phan Tien Hung, MSc Duong Thi Minh Hoa for helping me complete the experiment.
Thanks my classmates at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry and staff of advanced education program. Special thanks go to my numerous friends who helped me throughout this academic exploration. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and brother for their unconditional love and support during the last time: I would not have been able to complete this thesis without their continuous love and encouragement. n Table of Contents Acknowledgements.
Background of the Study. Theoretical Framework of the Study. Conceptual Framework of the Study. Statement of the problem.
Definition of Terms. 12 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES. 27 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 28 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA.
The current vegetables productivity of Thai Nguyen City. Actuality of soil and fertilizer in vegetables production area of Thai Nguyen City. Situation of using fertilizers. Situation of using pesticides to vegetables.
Effect of different nitrogen types on yield performance and residual of NO3- in mustard. Effect of nitrogen on yield performance of mustard. The effect of nitrogen types to NO3 - variation in mustard. The effect of nitrogen types to changes of NO3- in the soil.
40 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.1 Introduction Vegetables are essential to human health since they are good source of vitamins, minerals and biologically active substances. However, vegetables also contain nitrate and nitrite. Nitrate itself is relatively non-toxic but its metabolites, nitrite, is associated with methaemoglobinaemia (commonly known as Blue Baby Syndrome). Nitrite might also react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines in the stomach.
According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the chemicals used in the making of commercial fertilizers create high concentrations of nitrate compounds within the soil. Nitrates are naturally occurring ions that form when organic nitrogen materials decompose in the soil. Nitrate ions act as chemically charged molecules that offset the natural balance within a soil environment. Nitrates can have the same effects on the human body as well as in plant and animal bodies, according to Pest Management at the Crossroads.
Over time, nitrates can accumulate inside the body and eventually disrupt normal functions within the body's endocrine, neurological and immune systems. Nitrates pose a particularly dangerous threat to fetal development and infant health in terms of brain and immune system development (http://www. Thai Nguyen City is an economic, political and cultural center in the North of Vietnam. For many years, the city has established food manufacturing belt in which vegetables are considered the most important products.
With the growth of agriculture, vegetable production in Thai Nguyen has met the demand in quantity, n slowly overcoming the shortage of food before rice harvest, many kinds of high quality vegetables in the meals have been added to people's daily diet. However, the intensive vegetable production technology now reveals the downside is that the massive application, lack of selection of technical advances such as fertilizers, growth stimulant, plant protection drugs not only cause cultivation environmental pollution but also make vegetables contaminated there by affecting the health of users. In cruciferous plants, mustard has a short growing time from 20 to 40 days, high yields of 20-40 tons/ha, Nutrient composition of mustard is also quite high. Currently there are many safe vegetable production areas to create safe products meet human needs.
In order to mustard growth and development - the highest yield with nitrate residue levels permitted requiring provide a sufficiently logical. Therefore need to be more research on nutrition for vegetables in general and mustard in particular. Stemming from the above problems to meet the requirements of actual production, to contribute to the understanding improve the efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen in general and in particular I proceed to implement the project " Effects of Nitrogen types on yield performance and NO 3- content in Mustard in Thai Nguyen ". Background of the Study Unlike many arid and semi-arid countries where urban wastewater is sought after using extensively, the underlying reason for its agricultural use in Vietnam is n the unplanned discharge of wastewater into natural watercourses, drainage canals or irrigation canals.
However, intentional wastewater use occurs in some instances due to inadequacy of irrigation systems particularly at the end of source (http://web. In the process of promoting industrialization - modernization, in many localities in the country, environmental pollution in Thai Nguyen is a serious problem affecting production and quality of people’s life, etc,. So, confronting the problem posed is to have the right solution to fit the production development, investment attraction, but must ensure the ecological balance of the environment, stability and improved living environment of communities, especially in urban areas, and industrial sites in the area. Besides soil, surface water in the city of Thai Nguyen has been heavily contaminated by toxic chemicals from industrial waste of factories such as Iron and Steel Thai Nguyen Company, Paper- mill Hoang Van Thu, Cao Ngan factory; waste from agriculture and urban centers, etc,.
They are the causes for reducing fresh vegetable growing areas of the city. According to statistics of the Department of Environmental Protection, there are hundreds of establishments mainly engaged in mining and ore discharge of wastewater into the Cau River basin. In addition, most wastewater discharged from 200 villages located along the Cau River have not been treated, the use of chemicals and plant protection agents in agriculture, sand and mass gravel n extraction has raised large amounts of pollution, erosion that changed the flow of the river (www. To increase crop yields, farmers use pesticides and chemical fertilizers more and more.
Currently, all areas of agricultural production in Cau River basin extensively used chemical fertilizers estimated at around 500,000 tons per year, the excess flowing into the basin is about 33%. In the vegetable areas, the percentage of pesticides and fertilizers is higher than 3-5 times with the rice growing areas (www. The problem of soil and water pollution caused by industrial activities, agriculture, urban waste in the city of Thai Nguyen has been articulated by many researches but only focusing on the assessment of soil pollution and water, and they have not yet researched on the impact of pollution on the quality of agricultural products. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Nitrogen types on yield performance and NO3- content in Mustard, the results of which is expected in provide a contribution to solving the problems mentioned above.
Theoretical Framework of the Study Nowadays, food safety issues are the concern of everyone in every aspects of lives. Vegetable is one of the foods that is used daily in all families. In recent years, state and the agricultural sector have developed many local policy measures for producing safe vegetable to ensure users’ health. n Although the authorities had a lot of efforts in the development of safe vegetable models, these models of safe vegetable production have not been used extensively.
Vegetable production areas according to technical processes are polluted by many causes. Currently safe vegetable production areas is still sparse and it is too difficult for the organization, production, and testing consumers’ products. In Vietnam, the producers have abused nitrogen fertilizer use to increase productivity and profitability of their farms. Using nitrogen fertilizer has increased but the use of phosphate, and potassium are very low.
Rate of unreasonable combination makes nitrate level in commercial products high. Studying the soil, water, and fertilizer contamination and their effects on agricultural products is a pressing issue at present to contribute to decrease domestic waste and industrial materials as well as to provide useful measures to create safe products. Conceptual Framework of the Study Figure 1 shows an overview of the conceptual framework where the relationship between and among the inputs and the outputs of the study is being shown in two boxes: The box to the left houses the inputs which are actually the independent variables: Nitrogen rate: bed + (0N, 70N Urea 46%, (NH4)SO4 21%, NH4Cl 26% ) Bed: (P2O5: 50kg/ha; K20: 35kg/ha). n The box to the right houses the outputs which are the dependent variables: Yield: fresh weights (kg/plot).Accumulation of NO3 - in the mustard.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES Experiment Nitrogen rate: bed + (0N, 70N Urea 1.Yield: fresh weights (kg/plot) 46%, (NH4)SO4 21%, NH4Cl 26% ) 2. Accumulation of NO3- in the Bed: ( P2O5: 50kg/ha; K20: 35 kg/ha) mustard. Paradigm of the conceptual framework of the study. Statement of the problem This study was conducted to find out the effects of fertilizer doses on yield, residual NO3 - in mustard.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. Do the mustard have residual NO3- from the soil? 2.