BANKING ACADEMY THE FACULTY OF ADVANCED PROGRAM IN FINANCE ----🙞🙜🕮🙞🙜---- GRADUATION THESIS TOPIC: IMPACT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON PROFITABILITY OF VIETNAMESE REAL ESTATE FIRMS LISTED ON HANOI STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Student : NGUYEN TAN SANG Class : K21CLCC Course : 2018 – 2021 Student ID.NGO THI HANG (MSc) Hanoi, May 2022 BANKING ACADEMY THE FACULTY OF ADVANCED PROGRAM IN FINANCE ----🙞🙜🕮🙞🙜---- GRADUATION THESIS TOPIC: IMPACT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON PROFITABILITY OF VIETNAMESE REAL ESTATE FIRMS LISTED ON HANOI STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Student : NGUYEN TAN SANG Class : K21CLCC Course : 2018 – 2021 Student ID.NGO THI HANG (MSc) Hanoi, May 2022 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work which is presented in this dissertation titled “IMPACT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON PROFITABILITY OF VIETNAMESE’S REAL ESTATE FIRMS LISTED ON HANOI STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC” in fulfillment of the requirements for the Graduation Thesis of Banking Academy. I assure that this thesis is an entirely work of my own. I assure that this thesis has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other University/Institute. I have read the University’s current research ethics guidelines and acknowledged my obligations and the rights of the participants.
Hanoi, 20th May, 2022 Signature Nguyen Tan Sang i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to show my gratefulness to Ms. Ngo Thi Hang for her enthusiastic contribution to the completion of my dissertation. During the process of research conduction, Ms. Hang has always been available to advise helpfully and support my thesis.
As an excellent and experienced mentor, she is so conscientious of correcting and suggesting additions to my work extensively. I also have learned so much from her recommendation. I also want to show my gratitude to all the teachers and managers at the Faculty of Advanced Program for giving me detailed instruction throughout the process. Especially, I wish to express my honest appreciation to my family who always supports and encourages me.
I also want to show my respect to my schoolmates who have been sharing knowledge and motivating each other to keep improving. Finally, I would like to thank myself for daring to get out of my safe zone, being persistent and resilient and striving for a better version of myself. Due to the time limitations and a restricted capacity of the author, this thesis might contain certain defects. Therefore, I would be really grateful for any constructive comments to enhance its quality.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii LIST OF TABLES. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Research subject and research scope. 2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. The relationship between capital structure and firm profitability.
Modigliani and Miller ‘s theories. Trade-off theory. Pecking order theory. Market timing hypothesis.
12 CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODOLOGY. 17 CHAPTER 4: EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Discussion of the research findings. 24 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
Conclusion and policy recommendations. 34 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2. 1: Descriptive statistic data. 2: Correlation between variables.
3: VIF test for multicollinearity between variables. 4: Multiple regression results. 5: Selection model test. 6: Multicollinearity, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation test results.
7: GLS fixed regression model results. 24 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Interpretation ROE Return on equity ROA Return on assets EPS Earnings per share OLS Ordinary least squares FEM Fixed effects model REM Random effects model VIF Variance Inflation Factor HNX Hanoi Stock Exchange NSE National Stock Exchange FDI Foreign Direct Investment NHNN Ngân Hàng Nhà Nước FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Squares HOSE Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange vi ABSTRACT Handling the financial situation is one of the most crucial tasks of any manager in a firm. Prudent usage of equity and debt financing can critically impact entities’ valuation and performance. Thus, the determination of the relationship between capital structure and profitability is not understood deeper but also to maximize the potential of a business.
This thesis aims to ascertain the effects of capital structure on the profitability of 34 real estate firms listed on HNX from 2018 to 2021 - when the COVID-19 pandemic affected the most negatively to the economy. The author uses the quantitative method with the multiple regression analysis. The findings show that capital structure relates oppositely with the profitability represented by return on equity (ROE). In contrast, these firms’ size and growth rate increase or decrease simultaneously with ROE.
Keywords: capital structure, profitability, real estate firms listed on HNX, multi- regression models. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale The real estate industry in Vietnam plays a massive role in the economy, which is reflected in the increase in mobilization or capital inflows into real estate businesses. The influx of investment capital made the scale of this industry biasedly enlarged ten times bigger than other industries in the market.
The year 2021 was a year of difficulties for the real estate industry in Vietnam. The market continues to lose its balance of supply and demand, with the market price skyrocketing. The land fever occurred after each wave of the Covid-19 epidemic and ended up with the Thu Thiem’s land lots auction as an unprecedented record. Vietnam's real estate industry relies heavily on bank loans to operate.
Data from listed companies show that the debt-to-equity ratio of the real estate industry is at the top of other sectors, indicating that a large amount of capital from banks has been disbursed into the real estate market. (Phạm Hồng Chương et al. As a result, financial leverage can be a double-edged sword for this market. On the one hand, it promotes the development of the industry and the country, providing opportunities for other aspects such as inhabitancy and tourism.
On the other hand, this is also a potential risk due to interest rates and liquidity. Because of such specificity, it is essential to research and give recommendations to business managers to properly assess and promptly deal with the problems faced by industry groups in capital structure. This plays a leading role in raising the value and performance of the firm and significantly contributes to assure and maintain a sustainable development of the economy. As a result, I found the motivation to choose the topic “Impact of capital structure on profitability of Vietnamese’s real estate firms listed on the Hanoi Stock Exchange” for my graduation thesis.
Research objectives The key objectives of the studies include: - Synthesize the theoretical framework of capital structure, profitability and interrelationship. - Model and analyze the impact of capital structure on the profitability of Vietnamese listed real estate firms on Hanoi Stock Exchange. - Enrich the research field and contribute valuable recommendations to the firms to improve their profitability. Research subject and research scope The object of the study is the effect of capital structure on the profitability of 34 real estate enterprises listed on the Hanoi Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2021.
Research method This thesis uses qualitative research methods combined with quantitative methods to accomplish the research objectives. The author researches previous studies about this topic to build a best model specification and then use regression methods (Pooled OLS, FEM, REM models) to answer research questions. In addition, we are applying the method of synthesis and analysis based on data collected from the financial statements. Thesis structure The thesis has four chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature review Chapter 3: Data and Methodology Chapter 4: Empirical Results and Discussion Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations 2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.
Theoretical framework This section will review theories that are relevant to the topic of study: the finance traditional theory, Modigliani and Miller propositions, pecking order theory, trade-off theory, and market timing hypothesis. Capital structure Ross A (2003) defines the capital structure of an enterprise, also known as financial leverage, as a combination of debt capital and equity at a specific rate to finance production and business activities. Solomon and Weston (1963) noted that an optimum capital structure is a point where the cost of capital is minimum and the firm’s value is maximum. Gangeni (2006) stated that the capital structure attempts to explain the mix of securities and financing sources corporations use to finance real investment.
Also, the author highlighted that internal finance sources, retained earnings, stock issuance, external finance sources, loans, and bonds could be utilized by a firm to finance the investments required to maintain its business operations and enhance its survivability on the market (Gangeni, 2006). According to Brigham and Houston (2009), The optimal capital structure is the capital structure that maximizes stock value. An optimal capital structure typically has a debt ratio between 40% and 50%. 1: Capital structure Short-term Liabilities Total Liabilities Long-term Liabilities Owners’ Equity Asset Retained earnings Common stocks Total Equity Preferred stocks Shareholders’ Equity Source: Author’s collection There are many concepts of corporate capital structure.
Still, in general, capital structure is the proportion of capital sources or a relationship between different funding sources in the total capital mobilized by enterprises. This often emphasizes the relationship between debt and equity financing the total invested assets, thereby knowing how the company’s management makes funding decisions. The three leverage ratios used to analyze capital structure are debt to assets, debt to equity and equity to assets. 2: Leverage ratios Leverage ratios Formula Meaning 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡𝑠 The smaller this ratio, the less likely the 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 business will be in financial difficulty 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡𝑠 because the company is less dependent on Debt to assets 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 debt to finance its operations.
Enterprises with low debt ratios borrow easier, and their 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 − 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡𝑠 interest rates are also lower than businesses 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 with high debt ratios. The higher this ratio, the more critical the borrowed capital (liabilities) in the 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡𝑠 Debt to equity operation of the business. Usually, the ratio 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 is greater than 1, which means that debt is larger than equity, and vice versa. The higher the self-financing ratio, the 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 Equity to assets higher the financial independence, thus the 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 lower the financial risk of the enterprise.
Source:Author’s collection 2. Firm Profitability and its determinants Business is an activity carried out to make a profit. Businesses always find appropriate measures to obtain maximum yields based on their material and technical conditions. Profitability, or the ability to generate profits, represents the power of the business to generate profits, improve efficiency and operational efficiency, increase cash flow, and use resources efficiently.
5 Profitability reflects the level of profit that a business can earn per unit of cost or input or unit of output, reflecting business results. The profit that enterprises make per unit of price or information or an output unit reflects the higher business results, the higher the profitability, and vice versa; The smaller the profit earned per unit, the lower the profitability. Profitability ratios are used to evaluate the company’s ability to generate profit compared to its expense and other costs associated with the generation of income during a particular period. 3: Profitability Ratios Profitability Formula Meaning Ratios This rate indicates the ability of management to 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑥 Return on generate a profit from a given level of sales 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 sales (ROS) x 100% efficiently.
A high rate shows an improvement in operating efficiency and vice versa. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑥 Return on This rate indicates the efficiency of management 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 Asset (ROA) x 100% and use of assets to generate profit for the business. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 This rate indicates the efficiency of management Return on x100% and use of equity to generate profit for the business. Equity (ROE) Source: Author’s collection 6 2.
The relationship between capital structure and firm profitability 2. Modigliani and Miller ‘s theories Miller & Modigliani (1958) argued that the capital structure does not affect business value in a perfect market.