WORDSMITH A GUIDE TO PARAGRAPHS AND SHORT ESSAYS SEVENTH EDITION PAMELA ARLOV Wordsmith A Guide to Paragraphs and Short Essays Seventh Edition Pamela Arlov Middle Georgia State University 330 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10013 Vice President, Portfolio Management: Chris Hoag Cover Designer: Pentagram Editorial Assistant: Andres Maldonado Cover Illustration: Christopher DeLorenzo Marketing Manager: Roxanne McCarley Manufacturing Buyer: Roy L. Product Marketing Coordinator: Erin Rush Printer/Binder: RR Donnelley/Crawfordsville Managing Editor: Joanne Dauksewicz Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Development Editor: Nancy Doherty Schmitt Project Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd. Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on page 529, which constitute an extension of this copyright page. PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING, and MYWRITINGLAB are exclusive trademarks in the United States and/ or other countries owned by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates.
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Description: Seventh Edition.|[Boston] : Pearson, [2019] Identifiers: LCCN 2017054015|ISBN 9780134758893 (paperback : student edition)|ISBN 0134758897 (paperback : student edition) Subjects: LCSH: English language—Paragraphs.|English language—Rhetoric. Classification: LCC PE1439 .042—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.gov/2017054015 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
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This page intentionally left blank Contents Readings by Rhetorical Chapter 3 Writing Mode ix Paragraphs: Direction 25 Readings by Subject xi Characteristics of an Effective Preface xiii Paragraph 26 Updates to the Seventh Topic Sentences: Setting the Direction of a Paragraph 26 Edition xiii Writing Topic Sentences That Fit 28 Where Should a Topic Sentence Go? 32 PART 1 Composition 1 Chapter 4 Writing Paragraphs: Support 37 Chapter 1 The Writing Characteristics of an Effective Paragraph 38 Process 1 The Difference between Topic Sentences The Writing Process 2 and Supporting Sentences 39 Writing for Right-Brained Support: Using Specific Detail 40 Writers 10 Chapter 5 Writing Chapter 2 Preparing to Paragraphs: Unity and Write 14 Coherence 56 Prewriting 15 Characteristics of an Effective Prewriting Methods 16 Paragraph 57 v vi Contents Unity: Sticking to the Point 58 Chapter 10 Writing an Coherence: Holding the Paragraph Together 61 Essay 182 Parts of an Essay 183 Chapter 6 Revising, Meeting the Challenge of Essay Writing 186 Proofreading, and The Thesis Statement: Direction 187 Formatting 71 Writing the Essay 189 Revising 72 Proofreading 76 Chapter 11 Writing Summary Formatting 78 Reports 206 Writing a Summary Report 207 Chapter 7 Showing and Five Steps in Writing an Article Telling: Description, Narration, Summary 208 Paraphrasing: An Essential Skill 212 and Example 86 Quoting 217 Description, Narration, and Example in Using Documentation Styles 223 Action 87 Guide to APA (American Psychological Description 90 Association) Style 224 Narration 100 Guide to MLA (Modern Language Examples 108 Association) Style 230 A Model Summary Report 236 Chapter 8 Limiting and Ordering: Definition, Classification, and PART 2 Grammar 247 Process 120 Definition, Classification, and Process in Chapter 12 Verbs and Action 121 Definition 124 Subjects 247 Classification 131 Action and Linking Verbs 248 Process 139 Recognizing Verbs and Subjects 250 Regular and Irregular Verbs 255 Chapter 9 Examining Logical Connections: Comparison- Chapter 13 Subject-Verb Contrast, Cause-Effect, and Agreement 265 The Basic Pattern 266 Argument 149 Problems in Subject-Verb Agreement 269 Comparison-Contrast, Cause-Effect, and Argument in Action 150 Comparison-Contrast 152 Chapter 14 Verb Shifts 280 Cause and Effect 162 Shifts in Tense 281 Argument and Persuasion 168 Active Voice and Passive Voice 284 Contents vii Chapter 15 Coordination Chapter 21 Parallel and Subordination 295 Structure 386 Connecting Ideas through Parallel Structure 387 Coordination 296 Parallel Structure in Connecting Ideas through Sentences 388 Subordination 299 Creating Emphasis through Chapter 22 Misplaced and Subordination 301 Dangling Modifiers 394 Misplaced Modifiers 395 Chapter 16 Run-on Dangling Modifiers 397 Sentences 309 What Is a Run-on Sentence? 310 Chapter 23 Capital Correcting Run-ons 311 Letters 403 Capital Letters to Begin Sentences 404 Chapter 17 Sentence Capitalization of Words Referring to Individuals 404 Fragments 324 Capitalization of Words Referring to What Is a Sentence Fragment? 325 Groups 406 Capitalization of Words Referring to Time Chapter 18 Pronoun and Place 407 Capitalization of Words Referring to Case 341 Things and Activities 410 Subject and Object Pronouns 342 Intensive and Reflexive Chapter 24 Words Commonly Pronouns 345 Using Who and Whom 348 Confused 415 Words Commonly Confused 416 Chapter 19 Pronoun Agreement, Reference, Chapter 25 Word and Point of View 355 Choice 423 Pronoun Errors 356 Word Choice 424 Pronoun Agreement 356 Slang and Textspeak 424 Pronoun Reference 362 Clichés 426 Pronoun Point of View 365 Wordiness 427 Chapter 20 Adjectives, Chapter 26 Commas 436 Commas to Set off Introductory Words, Adverbs, and Articles 372 Phrases, and Clauses 437 Adjectives 373 Commas to Join Items in a Series 437 Adverbs 376 Commas to Join Independent Articles 381 Clauses 438 viii Contents Commas around Interrupters 439 Action Hero, Rulon Commas with Direct Openshaw 472 Quotations 440 Simplicity, William Commas in Names and Dates 441 Zinsser 477 Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Sinor 481 Chapter 27 Other Setting Boundaries, Cara Punctuation 444 DiMarco 485 Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia End Punctuation: Period, Question Mark, Vela 490 and Exclamation Point 445 Don’t Blame Me! The New “Culture The Semicolon 447 of Victimization”, John J.
Colons and Dashes: Formal and Informal Macionis 497 Punctuation 448 White Lies, Erin Murphy 503 Parentheses: Tools of Understatement 450 Warning: This Is a Rights-Free Workplace, Barbara Ehrenreich 507 Chapter 28 Civil Rights, Caroline Apostrophes 455 Miller 513 Apostrophes in Contractions 456 Conversational Ballgames, Nancy Masterton Sakamoto 518 Apostrophes to Show Possession 457 Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Twain 524 PART 3 Readings 470 Credits 529 Reading at the College Level 471 Index 530 Readings by Rhetorical Mode Description White Lies, Erin Against the Wall, Murphy 503 Angie Canon 88 Civil Rights, Caroline Action Hero, Miller 513 Rulon Openshaw 472 Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Twain 524 Sinor 481 White Lies, Erin Murphy 503 Example Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Against the Wall, Twain 524 Angie Canon 88 Simplicity, William Zinsser 477 Narration Setting Boundaries, Cara Against the Wall, DiMarco 485 Angie Canon 88 Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia Action Hero, Rulon Vela 490 Openshaw 472 Warning: This Is a Rights-Free Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Workplace, Barbara Sinor 481 Ehrenreich 507 Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia Civil Rights, Caroline Vela 490 Miller 513 ix x Readings by Rhetorical Mode Definition Conversational Ballgames, Surrender at Appomattox, Nancy Masterton Ulysses S. Grant 122 Sakamoto 518 Simplicity, William Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Zinsser 477 Twain 524 Setting Boundaries, Cara DiMarco 485 Comparison-Contrast Warning: This Is a Rights-Free Conversational Ballgames, Workplace, Barbara Nancy Masterton Ehrenreich 507 Sakamoto 518 Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Twain 524 Classification Broken Windows, Leonard Pitts 157 Cause-Effect Don’t Blame Me! The New “Culture of Broken Windows, Leonard Pitts 157 Victimization,” John J. Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Macionis 497 Sinor 481 White Lies, Erin Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia Murphy 503 Vela 490 Warning: This Is a Rights-Free Don’t Blame Me! The New “Culture of Workplace, Barbara Victimization,” John J. Ehrenreich 507 Macionis 497 White Lies, Erin Murphy 503 Process Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Surrender at Appomattox, Twain 524 Ulysses S.
Grant 122 Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Argument Sinor 481 Broken Windows, Leonard Pitts 157 Setting Boundaries, Cara Don’t Blame Me! The New “Culture of DiMarco 485 Victimization,” John J. Macionis 497 Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia Vela 490 Warning: This Is a Rights-Free Workplace, White Lies, Erin Barbara Ehrehnreich 507 Murphy 503 Readings by Subject Self-Examination Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia Action Hero, Rulon Vela 490 Openshaw 472 Don’t Blame Me! The New “Culture of Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Victimization,” John J. Sinor 481 Macionis 497 Setting Boundaries, Cara White Lies, Erin DiMarco 485 Murphy 503 Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia Warning: This Is a Rights-Free Vela 490 Workplace, Barbara Ehrenreich 507 White Lies, Erin Murphy 503 Civil Rights, Caroline Miller 513 Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Twain 524 Language and Education Society and Civilization Broken Windows, Leonard Pitts 157 Against the Wall, Simplicity, William Angie Canon 88 Zinsser 477 Surrender at Appomattox, White Lies, Erin Ulysses S. Grant 122 Murphy 503 Broken Windows, Leonard Pitts 157 Conversational Ballgames, Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Nancy Masterton Sinor 481 Sakamoto 518 xi This page intentionally left blank Preface T hank you for choosing Wordsmith: A Guide to Paragraphs and Short Essays as your textbook.
Whether you are teaching from this text or learning from it, it is my hope that you will enjoy its simplicity. Writing itself is a remarkably complex process that incorporates the personality and experience of each writer and each reader. It also requires adherence to agreed-upon rules of grammar, punctuation, and form. Therefore, I have tried to make this book simple in its structure, straightforward in its language and presentation, and easy to use for both instructors and students.
Updates to the Seventh Edition Many changes have been made in this seventh edition of Wordsmith: A Guide to Paragraphs and Short Essays: Changes to Part 1, Composition • You will find new exercises, images, assignments, and model paragraphs throughout the section. • Chapter 8, Limiting and Ordering: Definition, Classification, and Process, contains a new essay, “Surrender at Appomattox” by Ulysses S. • Chapter 11, Writing Summary Reports, has a new look. In addition to con- taining the latest MLA updates, it now contains a section on incorporating quotations into college essays.
Because college writing focuses much more on quotations in the context of research than on quotations used with xiii xiv Preface simple dialogue, all of the material on quotations and use of quotation marks now resides in Chapter 11. Changes to Part 2, Grammar • Each chapter in this section boasts something new: new questions, new exercises, new Grammar Alert! boxes, and/or new chapter openers. • An additional paragraph-style editing exercise has been added to impor- tant areas where students are most likely to have problems and need extra work: Chapter 13, Subject-Verb Agreement, Chapter 15, Coordination and Subordination, Chapter 16, Run-on Sentences, Chapter 17, Sentence Frag- ments, Chapter 18, Pronoun Case, and Chapter 19, Pronoun Agreement, Reference, and Point of View. • In many chapters, particularly Chapter 13 and Chapters 18 and 19, expla- nations and examples have been streamlined and simplified to enhance clarity without sacrificing coverage.
Changes to Part 3, Readings • In addition to Ulysses Grant’s “Surrender at Appomattox” in Chapter 8, four new readings have been added to the Readings section of the text. Barbara Ehrenreich’s “Warning: This Is a Rights-Free Workplace” explores the world of the low-wage workplace and the ways in which it curtails workers’ freedoms.