VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE LEARNERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS APPLYING FORMATIVE FEEDBACK IN TEACHING ENGLISH WRITING TO NON-ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of Master’s degree in TESOL By TRAN NGUYEN PHUONG KHANH Supervised by LE HOANG DUNG, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, JULY 2019 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP This is to certify that the thesis entitled “The learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in teaching English writing to non-English major students” is the original work carried out by Tran Nguyen Phuong Khanh under the supervision of Dr. Le Hoang Dung, and assistance of lecturers and committees at Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature, Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities. All sources used for this thesis are explicitly acknowledged.
This thesis also contains no materials previously published or written by others without due acknowledgement. Ho Chi Minh City, 2019 Tran Nguyen Phuong Khanh RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I, Tran Nguyen Phuong Khanh, am a Master candidate in TESOL at Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature, Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities. I hereby state that I agree with all requirements relating to the retention and use of master theses in the library of Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City. I accept my original thesis deposited in the library can be accessed for the purposes of studies and I obtain all the copyright permissions for all copyrighted materials used in my thesis.
I agree to comply with the conditions established by the library for care, loan and reproduction of theses following the rules of library. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I worked on my thesis, I have received tremendous support from my supervisor, lecturers, colleagues, friends and family. Not only do they give me invaluable assistance but they strongly encourage and give me useful suggestions for my thesis completion. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my inspiring and dedicating advisor, Dr.
Le Hoang Dung for his support and encouragement. This thesis would not have been completed without his assistance and suggestions. He not only gave me expert knowledge to improve my thesis but invested his precious time in giving me insightful advice which brought this work to a successful completion. I wish to thank Dr.
Le Nguyen Minh Tho, Dr. Pho Phuong Dung and Dr. Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc as the committee members of my proposal defense. I am also incredibly thankful to Dr.
Nguyen Nha Tran, Dr. Nguyen Duy Mong Ha, Dr. Tran Quoc Thao, Dr. Nguyen Truong Tram Anh and Dr.
Tran Thi Minh Phuong as the committee members of my oral defense. They gave me the insightful comments, useful feedback and valuable suggestions which made the great contribution to my thesis. I would like to give my sincere thanks to all lecturers and staffs in academic affairs at Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature, Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities; and all friends of TESOL15A and TESOL15B for their support and encouragement. I highly appreciate the contributions of my colleagues at Center for Foreign Languages, Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities, who provide me with research facilities, workshops to help me conduct my thesis and improve my knowledge.
Finally, I extremely express my heartfelt thanks to my family for their love, support and encouragement during this research. I would like to give my special thanks to my parents for always being my side and encouraging me to value education and try to complete this thesis as well as my sisters for their encouragement to keep on my thesis. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. i TABLE OF CONTENTS.
ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. vi LIST OF TABLES. vii LIST OF FIGURES. ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.
Background to the study. State of problems. Significance of the study. The scope of the study and limitations.
Organization of the study. 10 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. The theories related to assessment in teaching and learning. The definition of assessment.
Types of assessment. Formative assessment in teaching and learning. Definition of formative assessment. The effect of formative assessment on teaching and learning.
Three forms of formative assessment. The theories related to feedback in teaching English writing. The definition of feedback. The vital role of feedback in teaching writing.
Factors affecting feedback. The theories related to attitudes towards giving and receiving feedback in English writing. The definition of attitudes. The importance of attitudes in language learning.
The learners’ attitudes towards feedback in writing. The theories related to formative feedback in teaching English writing. The definition of formative feedback. Three levels of formative feedback.
The functions of formative feedback in teaching writing. The features of formative feedback in teaching writing. Factors affecting learners’ giving and receiving feedback. The benefits of applying formative feedback in teaching writing.
The problems of applying formative feedback in teaching writing. Summaries of formative feedback. 30 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. The pilot study.
The main study. Data collection procedure. Data analysis procedure. Quantitative data analysis .3 Independent sample t-test.
Qualitative data analysis. 48 iii CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Analysis of data. The learners’ attitudes towards the teacher-researcher’s application of formative feedback in writing.
Comparing the mean difference in the learners’ attitudes towards formative feedback in terms of gender. Comparing the mean difference in the learners’ attitudes towards formative feedback in terms of majors. Challenges encountered by the learners towards the application of formative feedback in teaching English paragraph writing. Discussion of results.
The learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in teaching English writing. Comparing the mean difference in the learners’ attitudes towards formative feedback in terms of gender and majors. Challenges encountered by the learners towards the application of formative feedback for the learners. Summary of major findings.
Limitations and recommendations. 96 Appendix 1: Questionnaire in the survey. 96 Appendix 2: Interview protocol (semi-structured interview). 101 Appendix 3: Consent form to participate in this study.
102 Appendix 4: Example of content for lesson plan. 103 Appendix 5: Example of lesson plan. 106 Appendix 6: Example of teaching diary. 108 iv Appendix 7: Challenges the learners met when formative feedback was applied in writing from semi-structured interview.
110 Appendix 8: Suggestions for future improvement. 119 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Abbreviation Explanation CFL-HCMC USSH Center for Foreign Languages – Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities HCMC USSH Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3. Participants’ demographic information. Factor loadings for the learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in terms of teacher feedback.
Factor loadings for the learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in terms of peer feedback. Factor loadings for the learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in terms of self-feedback. Summary of content in questionnaire. Writing task content.
The learners’ feeling when they were given formative feedback. The learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in terms of teacher feedback. The learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in terms of peer feedback. The learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in terms of self- feedback.
Levene’s test to check the homogeneity. Independent t-test comparing the mean difference in the learners’ attitudes towards formative feedback in terms of gender. Descriptives of the learners’ attitudes towards formative feedback in terms of gender. One-way ANOVA comparing the mean difference in the learners’ attitudes towards formative feedback in terms of majors.
Challenges encountered by the learners towards the application of formative feedback in writing. Challenges the learners encountered when formative feedback was applied from questionnaire. 63 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Functions of feedback by Shute (2007).
Features of feedback by Shute (2007). Conceptual framework about the learners’ attitudes towards teacher’s applying formative feedback in teaching English writing. Data collection procedure. Example of activities using formative feedback .1: The learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback.
Types of formative feedback the learners prefer. The most important formative feedback in writing. 51 viii ABSTRACT This study explored the learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in teaching English writing to non-English major students at Center for Foreign Languages, Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities. The investigation used a mixed methods approach including quantitative approach with questionnaire and qualitative approach with teaching diary and interview.
There were 35 participants from a pre-intermediate class in this study. The main purpose of quantitative research was to explore the learners’ attitudes towards applying formative feedback in teaching English writing. The findings revealed the majority of learners displayed their positive attitudes towards this application. This study indicated there was a mean difference in the learners’ attitudes towards teacher feedback, self-feedback and overall feedback in terms of gender; however, no difference was found in the learners’ attitudes towards peer feedback.
Similar to peer feedback, the findings also pointed out there was no difference in the learners’ attitudes towards formative feedback in terms of majors. In the questionnaire and interview, the learners shared some challenges they encountered during this application and offered some constructive suggestions for improving this application, such as giving more opportunities for the learners to practice giving and receiving feedback, improving their capabilities and using web-based writing tools to support the use of formative feedback. These findings and suggestions from this study can serve as a background for the integration of formative feedback in writing into the curriculum. Keywords: formative feedback, attitudes, English writing, non-English major students ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter will present an overview of this study including background to the study, research aims, research questions, significance of the study, scope of study, limitations and organization of the study.
Background to the study Nowadays English becomes a dominant language all over the world. Therefore, there is a strong need for studying English with the various purposes. Not only do learners want to achieve language knowledge, but learners desire to enhance skills. Currently, assessment has been applied as an effective way to evaluate the learners’ learning process and progress in terms of knowledge and skills.
According to Baehr (2005), assessment is defined as the process of measuring, analyzing and giving feedback on performance or product to enhance future learning outcomes and performance. Assessment aims to not only help evaluate students’ learning progress and motivate them to learn, but help teachers recognize the weaknesses in their instructions based on students’ learning (Segers & Dochy, 2006). Thus, assessment plays a crucial role in education, which brings the advantages for both teachers and students. There are two major kinds of assessments comprising summative and formative assessment.
Summative assessment is used to measure the content students have achieved, which occurs at the end of the course (Rust, 2002) while formative assessment refers to assessments of students’ understanding and progress during their learning process and aims at the adjustments of suitable teaching methods (Black & William, 2010). These kinds of assessment carry out various functions. In specific, summative assessment focuses on the achievement of students while formative assessment is related to their progress. Although two types of assessment perform function differently, they generally offer the benefits for learning and teaching.
Summative assessment is used more frequently than formative assessment these days. The previous studies provoked the arguments for the use of summative assessment in teaching and learning. Summative assessment helps learners know 1 how well learners have accomplished the tasks.