Textbook of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion www.com Textbook of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion Editor Rashmi G S (Phulari) BDS MDS (Oral Path) Reader Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Manubhai Patel Dental College, Hospital and Oral Research Institute Vadodara, Gujarat, India ® JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD New Delhi • London • Philadelphia • Panama www.com ® Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. Headquarters Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357 Fax: +91-11-43574314 Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com Overseas Offices J. Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc. Jaypee Medical Inc. 83, Victoria Street, London City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton The Bourse SW1H 0HW (UK) Panama City, Panama 111, South Independence Mall East Phone: +44-2031708910 Phone: +507-301-0496 Suite 835, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA Fax: +02-03-0086180 Fax: +507-301-0499 Phone: +267-519-9789 Email: info@jpmedpub.com Email: cservice@jphmedical.com Email: joe.com Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 17/1-B, Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali Shorakhute, Kathmandu Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh Nepal Mobile: +08801912003485 Phone: +00977-9841528578 Email: Jaypeedhaka@Gmail.Com Email: jaypee.com Website: www.com Website: www.com © 2014, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com This book has been published in good faith that the contents provided by the contributors contained herein are original, and are intended for educational purposes only. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy of information, the publisher and the editor specifically disclaim any damage, liability, or loss incurred, directly or indirectly, from the use or application of any of the contents of this work. If not specifically stated, all figures and tables are courtesy of the editor. Where appropriate, the readers should consult with a specialist or contact the manufacturer of the drug or device. Textbook of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion First Edition: 2014 ISBN: 978-93-5025-940-5 Printed at: www.com Dedicated to My Parents (Siddarajaiah K and Premakumari YR) My brother and sister (Chidananda S and Sushma GS) My In-laws (Subhashchandra and Shivalingamma Phulari) My beloved husband (Dr Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari) My little sons (Yashas and Vrishank) for their love, support and encouragement.com Contributors Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari BDS MDS (Ortho TSMA-Rus) FRCH FAGE Formerly Faculty Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Mauras College of Dentistry and Hospital Oral Research Institute Mauritius Priya NK BDS MDS (Oral Path) Reader Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology College of Dental Sciences Davangere, Karnataka, India Rajendrasinh Rathore BDS MDS (Oral Path) Chairman, Professor and Head Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Manubhai Patel Dental College, Hospital and Oral Research Institute Vadodara, Gujarat, India Rashmi G S (Phulari) BDS MDS (Oral Path) Reader Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Manubhai Patel Dental College, Hospital and Oral Research Institute Vadodara, Gujarat, India www.com Preface Dental anatomy forms the basis for all the fields of dentistry. Textbook of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion is an attempt towards meeting the enormous challenge of providing an all comprehensive, yet simple-to-understand coverage of Dental anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion. Detailed morphology of deciduous and permanent teeth is narrated in a pointwise and systematic manner which is easier to understand and recall. Apart from the images of typical teeth specimen, numerous clinical photographs are added to demonstrate common variations, anomalies and practical relevance of tooth morphology. Numerous tables, boxes and flow charts throughout the text make understanding and recalling easier. The morphology of each permanent tooth is summa- rized using flow charts that give the major anatomic landmarks of that tooth and a brief summary of the major features on all five aspects of that tooth. Separate chapters are dedicated to tooth notation systems, chronology of tooth development, differences between primary and permanent dentitions, pulp morphology, temporomandibular joint and occlusion. Dental students are intro- duced to the fascinating aspects of dental anatomy such as forensic odontology, evolution of teeth, dental anthropology and comparative dental anatomy. A separate chapter on tooth carving is included that explains the rationale, armamentarium, basic principles and step-by- step carving procedure. Carving technique for different types of teeth is made self-explanatory using life size high resolution images of actual wax blocks in different stages of carving. The ancillary DVD-ROMs contain visual demonstration of carving procedure for various teeth. Numerous high quality photographs and professionally done graphic illustrations with informative legends make the text easy to grasp. Incorporation of numerous tables, flow charts and boxes throughout the textbook will give the reader a conve- nient summary of the key features and also make reviewing easier. Multiple choice questions (MCQs) given at the end of each chapter in the textbook and the additional MCQs in ancillary DVD-ROMs aid the students in revision and preparation for viva voce and competitive examinations. It is hoped that the concepts of dental anatomy, physiology and occlusion presented in a simple and logical style in the book will benefit all the undergraduate and postgraduate students of dental sciences and dental auxiliaries. Rashmi G S (Phulari) rashmigsphulari@gmail.com Acknowledgments With profound sense of gratitude and respect, I express my heartfelt thanks to Dr Rajendrasinh Rathore, Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Manubhai Patel Dental College, Hospital and Oral Research Institute, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, for being a constant source of encouragement and guidance throughout this project while providing me with all the facilities required for completion of this work. I would also like to thank Dr Yashraj Rathore, Trustee, Manubhai Patel Dental College, Hospital and Oral Research Institute, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, for all the support and encouragement shown during this endeavor. It is my pleasant privilege and honor to express my sincere gratitude and respect to all my revered teachers who have taught me during my undergraduate and postgraduate courses. In particular, I would like to thank Dr Rajiv S Desai, Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Nair Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, my postgraduate guide, for being a constant source of inspiration in my pursuit towards academic excellence. I owe an immense debt of gratitude to my postgraduate teachers Dr Srinivas S Vanaki (Professor and Head) and Dr RS Puranik (Professor), Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, PM Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital (PMNMDCH), Bagalkot, Karnataka, India, for their constant encouragement and guidance in this endeavor and throughout my academic career. I thank my dear friends Dr Praveena Tantradi, Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maratha Mandal Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India and Dr Sapna N, Reader, Department of Periodontics, DA Pandu Memorial RV (DAPMRV) Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, for their invaluable suggestions and inputs. I thank Dr Sonali Kapoor, Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manubhai Patel Dental College, Hospital and Oral Research Institute, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, for all the encouragement and support shown during compilation of the book. I have much pleasure in acknowledging my undergraduate students for familiarizing me with ‘students‘ point of view, and I extend my heartleft gratitude to the postgraduate students and colleagues of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Manubhai Patel Dental College, Hospital and Oral Research Institute, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, for their assistance in compute skills and proofreading. I thank my beloved husband Dr Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari for being there, whenever I needed him, helping me at every step of this project right from the text layout to final proofs and for his help in video shooting the carving procedures for ancillary DVD-ROM. I fondly acknowledge my little sons Yashas and Vrishank for their patience and love. My heartfelt gratitude goes to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Mr Tarun Duneja (Director-Publishing) and Mr KK Raman (Production Manager) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, whose exceptional efforts made the production of this book possible. I thank the talented staff of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, in particular Mr Sunil Kumar Dogra (Production Executive), Mr Gurnam Singh (Sr Proofreader), Mr Anil Sharma (Graphic Designer), Mr Manoj Pahuja (Graphic Designer-Head), Mr Pankaj Kumar Mandal (Typesetter) and Ms Kamlesh Rawat (Proofreader), for their untiring efforts in ensuring that every minute detail is taken care of. Above all, I thank, the Almighty for all the kindness showered upon me… www.com Contents Section 1: Introduction and Nomenclature 1. Introduction to Dental Anatomy 3 Dentitions in Humans 3 Trait Categories of Teeth 6 Nomenclature of Teeth 6 Dental Formulae in Humans 6 Stages of Dentitions in Humans 7 Parts of Tooth 7 Structure of Tooth 8 Basic Terminologies in Dental Anatomy 9 Anatomic Landmarks on Tooth Surface 10 Arbitrary Divisions of Crown and Root into Thirds 15 Line Angles and Point Angles on the Crown 16 Measurements of Teeth 16 2. Tooth Notation Systems 22 Universal Notation System 22 Zsigmondy-Palmer System/Symbolic System/Quadrant System/Grid System/Angular System 24 FDI Notation System/Two-Digit System/ISO 3950 Notation/International Numbering System 26 Section 2: Chronology of Tooth Development and Form and Function 3. Chronology of Tooth Development 33 Tooth Development: An Overview 33 Stages of Tooth Development 35 Root Formation 37 Eruption of Teeth 37 Dentition Stages in Humans 38 Primary Dentition Stage (6 Months to 6 Years) 38 Mixed Dentition Stage (6–12 Years) 43 Permanent Dentition Stage (12 Years and Beyond) 44 Dental Age 46 4. Form and Function of Orofacial Complex 51 Size of Crown and Root 51 Tooth Form and Jaw Movements 51 Interproximal Spaces and Protection of Interdental Gingiva 52 Proximal Contact Areas 54 Embrasures (Spillways) 56 Facial and Lingual Physiologic Contours of Teeth 59 Curvatures of Cervical Line (CEJ): Mesially and Distally 60 www.com xiv Textbook of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion Imaginary Occlusal of Planes and Curves 60 Geometries of Crown Outlines 61 Section 3: Deciduous Dentition 5. Primary (Deciduous) Dentition 67 Dental Formula for Primary Dentition 67 Significance of Deciduous Dentition 69 Detailed Description of Each Primary Tooth 71 Deciduous Incisors 71 Deciduous Maxillary Central Incisor 71 Deciduous Maxillary Lateral Incisor 74 Deciduous Mandibular Central Incisor 76 Deciduous Mandibular Lateral Incisor 77 Deciduous Canines 79 Deciduous Maxillary Canine 79 Deciduous Mandibular Canine 81 Deciduous Molars 85 Deciduous Maxillary 1st Molar 85 Deciduous Maxillary 2nd Molar 88 Deciduous Mandibular 1st Molar 90 Deciduous Mandibular 2nd Molar 95 6. Differences between Primary and Permanent Dentitions 99 Section 4: Permanent Dentition 7. The Permanent Maxillary Incisors 111 Functions of Incisors 111 Common Characteristics (Class Traits) of All Incisors 111 Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor 111 Detailed Description of Maxillary Central Incisor from All Aspects 112 Crown 113 Root 117 Variations 117 Developmental Anomalies 117 Clinical Considerations 117 Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisor 119 Detailed Description of Maxillary Lateral Incisor from All Aspects 120 Crown 120 Root 123 Variations 123 Developmental Anomalies 126 Clinical Considerations 126 8. The Permanent Mandibular Incisors 128 Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors 128 Detailed Description of Mandibular Central Incisor from All Aspects 128 Crown 128 Root 132 Variations 132 Developmental Anomalies 132 www.com Contents xv Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisors 132 Detailed Description of Mandibular Lateral Incisor from All Aspects 134 Crown 134 Root 139 Variations 139 Developmental Anomalies 140 9. The Permanent Canines 141 Functions 141 Common Characteristics (Class Traits) of Permanent Canines 141 Permanent Maxillary Canine 142 Detailed Description of Maxillary Canine from All Aspects 142 Crown 144 Root 146 Variations 146 Developmental Anomalies 146 Clinical Considerations 146 Permanent Mandibular Canine 147 Detailed Description of Mandibular Canine from All Aspects 148 Crown 148 Root 153 Variations 154 Clinical Considerations 154 10. The Permanent Maxillary Premolars 156 Functions 156 Common Characteristics (Class Traits) of Premolars 156 Maxillary Permanent 1st Premolar 156 Detailed Description of Maxillary 1st Premolar from All Aspects 157 Crown 157 Root 162 Variations 163 Developmental Anomalies 163 Clinical Considerations 163 Maxillary Permanent 2nd Premolar 163 Detailed Description of Maxillary 2nd Premolar from All Aspects 163 Crown 163 Root 169 Variations 169 Developmental Anomalies 169 Clinical Considerations 169 11.
