org CONVERSIONS BETWEEN U. CUSTOMARY UNITS AND SI UNITS Times conversion factor U. Customary unit Equals SI unit Accurate Practical Acceleration (linear) foot per second squared ft/s2 0.305 meter per second squared m/s2 inch per second squared in.0254 meter per second squared m/s2 Area square foot ft2 0.0929 square meter m2 square inch in.16* 645 square millimeter mm2 Density (mass) slug per cubic foot slug/ft3 515.379 515 kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 Density (weight) pound per cubic foot lb/ft3 157.087 157 newton per cubic meter N/m3 pound per cubic inch lb/in.447 271 kilonewton per cubic meter kN/m3 Energy; work foot-pound ft-lb 1.36 joule (Nm) J inch-pound in.113 joule J kilowatt-hour kWh 3.6 megajoule MJ British thermal unit Btu 1055.06 1055 joule J Force pound lb 4.45 kilonewton kN Force per unit length pound per foot lb/ft 14.6 newton per meter N/m pound per inch lb/in.127 175 newton per meter N/m kip per foot k/ft 14.6 kilonewton per meter kN/m kip per inch k/in.127 175 kilonewton per meter kN/m Length foot ft 0.305 meter m inch in.4 millimeter mm mile mi 1.61 kilometer km Mass slug lb-s2/ft 14.6 kilogram kg Moment of a force; torque pound-foot lb-ft 1.36 newton meter N·m pound-inch lb-in.113 newton meter N·m kip-foot k-ft 1.36 kilonewton meter kN·m kip-inch k-in.113 kilonewton meter kN·m Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. CUSTOMARY UNITS AND SI UNITS (Continued) Times conversion factor U. Customary unit Equals SI unit Accurate Practical Moment of inertia (area) inch to fourth power in.4 416,231 416,000 millimeter to fourth power mm4 6 6 inch to fourth power 4 in.416 10 meter to fourth power m4 Moment of inertia (mass) slug foot squared slug-ft2 1.36 kilogram meter squared kg·m2 Power foot-pound per second ft-lb/s 1.36 watt (J/s or N·m/s) W foot-pound per minute ft-lb/min 0.0226 watt W horsepower (550 ft-lb/s) hp 745.701 746 watt W Pressure; stress pound per square foot psf 47.9 pascal (N/m2) Pa pound per square inch psi 6894.76 6890 pascal Pa kip per square foot ksf 47.9 kilopascal kPa kip per square inch ksi 6.89 megapascal MPa Section modulus inch to third power in.1 16,400 millimeter to third power mm3 inch to third power in.4 106 meter to third power m3 Velocity (linear) foot per second ft/s 0.305 meter per second m/s inch per second in.0254 meter per second m/s mile per hour mph 0.447 meter per second m/s mile per hour mph 1.61 kilometer per hour km/h Volume cubic foot ft3 0.0283 cubic meter m3 cubic inch in.4 106 cubic meter m3 cubic inch in.4 cubic centimeter (cc) cm3 gallon (231 in.79 liter L gallon (231 in.00379 cubic meter m3 *An asterisk denotes an exact conversion factor Note: To convert from SI units to USCS units, divide by the conversion factor 5 Temperature Conversion Formulas T(°C) [T(°F) 32] T(K) 273.67 5 5 Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.org Mechanics of Materials Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Mechanics of Materials SIXTH EDITION James M. Gere Professor Emeritus, Stanford University Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc.
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Contents Preface xiii Symbols xvii Greek Alphabet xx 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear 1 1.1 Introduction to Mechanics of Materials 1 1.2 Normal Stress and Strain 3 1.3 Mechanical Properties of Materials 10 1.4 Elasticity, Plasticity, and Creep 20 1.5 Linear Elasticity, Hooke’s Law, and Poisson’s Ratio 23 1.6 Shear Stress and Strain 28 1.7 Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads 39 1.8 Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear 44 Problems 49 2 Axially Loaded Members 67 2.2 Changes in Lengths of Axially Loaded Members 68 2.3 Changes in Lengths Under Nonuniform Conditions 77 2.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures 84 2.5 Thermal Effects, Misfits, and Prestrains 93 2.6 Stresses on Inclined Sections 105 2.9 Repeated Loading and Fatigue 136 ★2.12 Elastoplastic Analysis 149 Problems 155 ★Stars denote specialized and advanced topics. vii Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
viii CONTENTS 3 Torsion 185 3.2 Torsional Deformations of a Circular Bar 186 3.3 Circular Bars of Linearly Elastic Materials 189 3.5 Stresses and Strains in Pure Shear 209 3.6 Relationship Between Moduli of Elasticity E and G 216 3.7 Transmission of Power by Circular Shafts 217 3.8 Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members 222 3.9 Strain Energy in Torsion and Pure Shear 226 3.10 Thin-Walled Tubes 234 ★3.11 Stress Concentrations in Torsion 243 Problems 245 4 Shear Forces and Bending Moments 264 4.2 Types of Beams, Loads, and Reactions 264 4.3 Shear Forces and Bending Moments 269 4.4 Relationships Between Loads, Shear Forces, and Bending Moments 276 4.5 Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams 281 Problems 292 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics) 300 5.2 Pure Bending and Nonuniform Bending 301 5.3 Curvature of a Beam 302 5.4 Longitudinal Strains in Beams 304 5.5 Normal Stresses in Beams (Linearly Elastic Materials) 309 5.6 Design of Beams for Bending Stresses 321 5.8 Shear Stresses in Beams of Rectangular Cross Section 334 5.9 Shear Stresses in Beams of Circular Cross Section 343 5.10 Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges 346 ★5.11 Built-Up Beams and Shear Flow 354 ★5.12 Beams with Axial Loads 358 ★5.13 Stress Concentrations in Bending 364 Problems 366 Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.org CONTENTS ix 6 Stresses in Beams (Advanced Topics) 393 6.3 Transformed-Section Method 403 6.4 Doubly Symmetric Beams with Inclined Loads 409 6.5 Bending of Unsymmetric Beams 416 6.6 The Shear-Center Concept 421 6.7 Shear Stresses in Beams of Thin-Walled Open Cross Sections 424 6.8 Shear Stresses in Wide-Flange Beams 427 6.9 Shear Centers of Thin-Walled Open Sections 431 ★6.10 Elastoplastic Bending 440 Problems 450 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain 464 7.3 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 474 7.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 483 7.5 Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress 500 7.7 Plane Strain 510 Problems 525 8 Applications of Plane Stress (Pressure Vessels, Beams, and Combined Loadings) 541 8.2 Spherical Pressure Vessels 541 8.3 Cylindrical Pressure Vessels 548 8.4 Maximum Stresses in Beams 556 8.5 Combined Loadings 566 Problems 583 Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. x CONTENTS 9 Deflections of Beams 594 9.2 Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve 594 9.3 Deflections by Integration of the Bending-Moment Equation 600 9.4 Deflections by Integration of the Shear-Force and Load Equations 611 9.5 Method of Superposition 617 9.6 Moment-Area Method 626 9.8 Strain Energy of Bending 641 ★9.10 Deflections Produced by Impact 659 ★9.12 Use of Discontinuity Functions in Determining Beam Deflections 673 ★9.13 Temperature Effects 685 Problems 687 10 Statically Indeterminate Beams 707 10.2 Types of Statically Indeterminate Beams 708 10.3 Analysis by the Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve 711 10.4 Method of Superposition 718 ★10.6 Longitudinal Displacements at the Ends of a Beam 734 Problems 738 Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
CONTENTS xi 11 Columns 748 11.2 Buckling and Stability 749 11.3 Columns with Pinned Ends 752 11.4 Columns with Other Support Conditions 765 11.5 Columns with Eccentric Axial Loads 776 11.6 The Secant Formula for Columns 781 11.7 Elastic and Inelastic Column Behavior 787 11.9 Design Formulas for Columns 795 Problems 813 12 Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia 828 12.2 Centroids of Plane Areas 829 12.3 Centroids of Composite Areas 832 12.4 Moments of Inertia of Plane Areas 835 12.5 Parallel-Axis Theorem for Moments of Inertia 838 12.6 Polar Moments of Inertia 841 12.7 Products of Inertia 843 12.8 Rotation of Axes 846 12.9 Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia 848 Problems 852 References and Historical Notes 859 Appendix A Systems of Units and Conversion Factors 867 A.1 Systems of Units 867 A.5 Conversions Between Units 878 Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.org xii CONTENTS Appendix B Problem Solving 881 B.1 Types of Problems 881 B.2 Steps in Solving Problems 882 B.5 Rounding of Numbers 886 Appendix C Mathematical Formulas 887 Appendix D Properties of Plane Areas 891 Appendix E Properties of Structural-Steel Shapes 897 Appendix F Properties of Structural Lumber 903 Appendix G Deflections and Slopes of Beams 905 Appendix H Properties of Materials 911 Answers to Problems 917 Name Index 933 Subject Index 935 Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Preface Mechanics of materials is a basic engineering subject that must be understood by anyone concerned with the strength and physical performance of structures, whether those structures are man-made or natural. The subject matter includes such fundamental concepts as stresses and strains, deformations and displacements, elasticity and inelasticity, strain energy, and load-carrying capacity. These concepts underlie the design and analysis of a huge variety of mechanical and structural systems.