Đô La Hóa: Tình Hình Và Giải Pháp Tại Việt Nam

Chuyên khảo phân tích Dollarization case of vietnam graduation thesis, đánh giá các khía cạnh quan trọng, đề xuất hướng nghiên cứu tiếp theo.

Trường đại học

Banking Academy

Chuyên ngành

Banking

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

graduation thesis

2011

62
10
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

1. CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1.1. Definition and types of dollarization

1.1.1. Definition of dollarization

1.1.2. Types of dollarization

1.2. Origins of dollarization

1.2.1. Lack of confidence in domestic currency

1.2.2. International economic and financial integration and strong position of USD

1.2.3. Banks’ policies on mobilizing and lending in foreign currency

1.3. Benefits and costs of dollarization

2. DOLLARIZATION IN VIETNAM

2.1. State of dollarization in Vietnam

2.1.1. Overall level of dollarization

2.1.2. Dollarization in transactions

2.1.3. Dollarization in banking system

2.2. Causes and effects of dollarization in Vietnam

2.2.1. Causes of dollarization in Vietnam

2.2.2. Effects of dollarization in Vietnam

2.2.2.1. Effects on monetary policy
2.2.2.2. Effects of dollarization on the economy

3. Applied solutions to dollarization in Vietnam and evaluation of the measures

3.1. Applied dedollarization measures

3.2. Evaluation of the applied measures

4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMET OF DEDOLLARIZATION IN VIETNAM

4.1. Vietnam authorities’ dedollarization strategy

4.2. Recommendation for further development of dedollarization

4.2.1. Enhance the credibility of local currency

4.2.2. A sound banking system

4.2.3. Stable macroeconomic environment

4.2.4. Reduce incentives to hold foreign currency

4.2.5. Development of financial market in local currency

4.2.6. Flexible exchange rate regime

4.2.7. Reduction of trade deficits

4.2.8. Effective FX market mechanism

4.2.9. Applying supporting measures

4.2.10. Promotion of non cash payment

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

Banking Academy 1 Graduation Thesis STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING ACADEMY FOREIGN LANGUAGE FACULTY GRADUATION THESIS DOLLARIZATION: CASE OF VIETNAM Supervisors: Assoc. To Kim Ngoc M. Tran Thi Hai Ly Student: Duong Lan Anh Class: ATCA_K11 Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 2 Graduation Thesis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a deep gratitude to my supervisors who help me along the way to complete this graduation thesis. I am profoundly thankful to Assoc. Tô Kim Ngọc, whose critical engagement and guidance have enabled me to develop deeper understanding of the topic and a strategy to write the thesis. I am equally grateful to M. Trần Thị Hải Lý, who gave me consultation on the proper usage of English in the thesis. Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 3 Graduation Thesis EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dollarization, which is associated with major crises such as the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the case of Mexico in 1994, has been under the spot light in terms of economic research in developing and transition countries. Vietnam, as a developing economy, is facing serious problems under dollarization and is attempting to dedollarize its economy by 2015. This motivates me to explore dollarization phenomenon in Vietnam. In Vietnam, dollarization initially occurred as a hedging instrument to protect residents’ wealth from devaluation. The preference of saving and using USD has gradually been established, which adversely affects monetary management and economic performance. In addition, Vietnam, as any other partially dollarized economies, is exposed to liquidity and solvency risks, of which consequences can be devastating. According to IMF standard, Vietnam is moderately dollarized with the ratio of foreign currency deposits to total liquidity fluctuating around 20 percent. However, in a cash-based as Vietnam, a significant amount of foreign currency is in circulation, performing all three functions of money. Therefore, the true extent of dollarization is understated. A series of regulatory measures have been taken such as the imposition of foreign currency deposit interest rate, increases in reserves requirements for foreign currency deposits, limits on the scope of demand for foreign currency loans and a decrease in banks’ open foreign currency positions. SBV has also toughened its ban on illegal trade and domestic transactions in foreign currency. Moreover, efforts to flexibly manage the exchange rate and stabilize gold trading market have also been made. So far, some initial results have come out such as residents’ shift from USD denominated deposits to VND ones and more stable exchange rate. However, the public would rapidly shift back to USD if any uncertainty about the economic conditions arises. Therefore, the bottom line is to increase public confidence in the national currency by controlling inflation, enhancing the credibility of the banking system and macroeconomic policy. Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 4 Graduation Thesis TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION . Definition and types of dollarization . Definition of dollarization . Types of dollarization . Origins of dollarization . Lack of confidence in domestic currency . International economic and financial integration and strong position of USD . Banks’ policies on mobilizing and lending in foreign currency . Benefits and costs of dollarization . Benefits of dollarization . For fully dollarized countries . For partially dollarized countries . Costs of dollarization . For official dollarized countries . For partially dollarized countries . Measurement of dollarization . Currency substitution index . Asset substitution index . Unofficial dollarization index . DOLLARIZATION IN VIETNAM . State of dollarization in Vietnam . Overall level of dollarization. Dollarization in transactions . Dollarization in banking system . Causes and effects of dollarization in Vietnam . Causes of dollarization in Vietnam . Effects of dollarization in Vietnam . Effects on monetary policy . Effects of dollarization on the economy .33 Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 5 Graduation Thesis 2. Applied solutions to dollarization in Vietnam and evaluation of the measures . Applied dedollarization measures . Evaluation of the applied measures . RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMET OF DEDOLLARIZATION IN VIETNAM . Vietnam authorities’ dedollarization strategy. Recommendation for further development of dedollarization . Enhance the credibility of local currency. A sound banking system . Stable macroeconomic environment . Reduce incentives to hold foreign currency . Development of financial market in local currency. Flexible exchange rate regime . Reduction of trade deficits . Effective FX market mechanism . Applying supporting measures . Promotion of non cash payment .52 REFERENCES APPENDICES Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 6 Graduation Thesis LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1. Average foreign currency deposits to total deposits . Error! Bookmark not defined. Foreign currency deposits to total liquidity . Error! Bookmark not defined. Foreign currency deposits to total deposits . Error! Bookmark not defined. USD denominated outstanding loans to total outstanding loans . Error! Bookmark not defined. Vietnam balance of trade . Error! Bookmark not defined. Public debt of Vietnam 2006-2011 . Error! Bookmark not defined. Remittances to Vietnam 2000-2010 (billion USD) . Error! Bookmark not defined. Official and unofficial USD/VND exchange rate from Jan-2010 to May- 2011 . Error! Bookmark not defined. Official and unofficial exchange rate- 2011 . Error! Bookmark not defined. Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 7 Graduation Thesis LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FCDs Foreign currency deposits USD United States Dollar VND Vietnam Dong IMF International Monetary Fund SBV State Bank of Vietnam FCC Foreign currency in circulation FX Foreign Exchange IFS International Financial Statistics FDI Foreign Direct Investment FED Federal Reserve SOEs State owned Enterprises JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency BM Broad money EBM Effective broad money Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 8 Graduation Thesis INTRODUCTION Dollarization has long been a challenge to Vietnam economy, as to many other developing and transition countries. Even though VND is the sole legal tender and is the only domestic medium of payments which is authorized by law, USD is still widely used in internal economic transactions. The US dollar can well substitute VND in all three functions: store of value, unit of account and medium of exchange, creating preference of holding USD among the public. Dollarization in Vietnam originated from residents’ rational response to macroeconomic unrest and hyperinflation in mid 1980s. In accordance with radical improvements in economic conditions, the degree of dollarization in Vietnam has been in a downward trend. For the past several years, the ratio of foreign currency deposits to total liquidity has fluctuated around 20 percent compared to a peak of 42 percent in 1991. According to IMF arrangements, Vietnam is moderately dollarized. The question is whether this twenty-percent figure reflects the true magnitude of dollarization in such a cash-based economy in Vietnam? This motivates further employment of some other indicators measuring the extent of dollarization and observations on the use and holding of US dollar among residents. All data used is secondary one collected from various sources. De facto dollarization has negative impacts on the implementation of monetary policy and imposes risks to banking system and all sectors in the economy. Therefore, such a developing country with vulnerable financial system and low economic efficiency as Vietnam should build a scheme of actions to fight dollarization. For the last few years, Vietnam authorities has speeded up the process of dedollarizing the economy by applying a variety of measures and setting the objective to end dollarization by 2015. My graduation thesis examines dollarization in Vietnam. Against the backdrop of a literature review, it provides a background of dollarization in Vietnam in terms of its situation, causes and effects. Apart from that, the paper reviews recent measures taken by Vietnamese authorities in an attempt to combat dollarization. Moreover, some suggestions are given for further development in dedollarizing the economy. In other words, the thesis is supposed to answer four questions: Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 9 Graduation Thesis (i) To what extent is Vietnam dollarized? (ii) What are the causes and effects of dollarization in Vietnam? (iii) What have Vietnamese authorities done to reverse dollarization so far? (iv) What else can be done to accelerate anti-dollarization process? This paper is structured as following: The first section offers a theoretical framework on dollarization, presenting definition, measurements, origins and effects of dollarization. The next section explores unofficial dollarization in Vietnam, including its situation, causes and effects. A reflection on dollarization in both domestic transactions and banking system as well as its overall level is provided. This section also comprises a review and evaluation on the applied measures to fight dollarization in Vietnam. The final section recommends some solutions for Vietnam to further de-dollarize its economy. Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 10 Graduation Thesis CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Definition and types of dollarization 1. Definition of dollarization Dollarization is generally defined as the holding by residents of a significant share of their assets in the form of foreign-currency-denominated assets. Under dollarization, a foreign currency substitutes the local currency in functions of money as medium of exchange, unit of account and/ or store of value. This is considered a common feature in a lot of developing and transition countries. The term dollarization refers not only to the use of US dollar but also that of any foreign currency in a country. However, the USD is the most popular foreign currency in terms of dollarization. According to the Federal Reserve, 50% to 70% of the total US banknotes is circulating abroad. In Vietnam, USD is widely held and used among the public. Therefore, in the scoop of this paper, USD is refered to as the currency that dollarizes a country. Types of dollarization In general, there are 3 types of dollarization: official (de jure), semi official, and unofficial (de facto) dollarization. Official dollarization occurs when a country adopts one or more currency (ies) as its legal tender (s) and the domestic currency is abandoned. The adopted currency legally performs in all economic relations. By 2000, there are 28 countries and territories have officially dollarized but most of them are small. Panama, El Salvador, and Ecuador are the biggest ones among them. Semi-official dollarization refers to a bi-currency system in which both domestic and foreign currency are used interchangeably as legal tender. In many cases, the foreign currency plays a dominant role. For instance, in Cambodia, foreign currency deposits constitute about 90% of total bank deposits. By 1999, there are 17 countries and territories under semiofficial dollarization and they are also small in size. Lastly, contrary to official dollarization, unofficial dollarization means the use of foreign currency alongside with local currency despite the sole authorization of domestic currency. Most of dollarized countries fall into this category, including Vietnam. According to a survey by IMF in 1995, 18 countries are considered highly dollarized with the average degree of dollarization of 45 Dương Lan Anh ATCA_K11 Banking Academy 11 Graduation Thesis percent while 34 ones are under moderate dollarization, averaging at 16 percent level. It can be seen in table 1.1 that the extent of dollarization is highest in South America, transition economies and Middle East, with average foreign currency deposits ranging from 36 percent to 56 percent of total deposits in the period of 1996- 2001. This ratio in Asia and Africa is lower, fluctuating around 30 percent. It is also notable that in most regions, dollarization had an upward trend. AVERAGE FOREIGN CURRENCY DEPOSITS TO TOTAL DEPOSITS Source: IMF Dollarization can also be classified by the functions of money. DE NICOLO ET AL. (2005) distinguished three forms of partial dollarization. “It is useful to distinguish among three generic types of dollarization that broadly match the three functions of money: payment dollarization (also known in the literature as currency substitution) is residents’ use for transaction purposes of foreign currency in cash, demand deposits, or reserves at the central bank; financial dollarization (also referred to as asset substitution) consists of residents’ holding of financial assets or liabilities in foreign currency; real dollarization is the indexing. Formally or de facto, of local prices and wages to the dollar.

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