UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS ====oOo==== VIETNAM-NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HORIZONTAL TECHNOLOGY SPILLOVER EFFECTS FROM FOREIGN DIRECT INVESMENT ON LABOUR PRODUCTIVTY IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS BY THAN HOANG DUNG ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR: DR. LE THI THANH LOAN. Ho Chi Minh, November 2011 I' UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. I hereby certify that the substance of this thesis has not been submitted for any degrees and is not being currently submitted for any other degrees.
I also certify that, to the best of my knowledge, and any help received in preparing the thesis and all sources used have been acknowledged in the thesis. Signature Than Hoang Dung ,. , • 1 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.co ACKNOWLEDGEMENT • I have been receiving a great support from many people to complete this research. I am greatly grateful to the valuable guidance, encouragement and advice from numerous individuals including Vietnam-Netherlands program lecturers, friends and my family members.
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Le Thi Thanh Loan, for her continuous support, for her valuable instructions, advices, comments and immense knowledge during the completion of my thesis. I am truly grateful to Professor Peter Calkins for his precious advices and comments for improving the quality of the thesis, for his lectures in research and methodology. My sincere thanks also go to Associate Professor Nguyen Trong Hoai for his.
lectures in econometrics, Mr Phung Thanh Binh and Mr Le Van Chon, the lectures of Vietnam- Netherlands project, for his kind help and instructions in data analysis by Eviews and Stata software. Finally, I would like to send my special thanks to my friends in MDE class 14, 15 and the rest of my thesis committee for their supportive friendship, encouragement and insightful comments. My special gratefulness is to my family for their love, affection and for supporting me spiritually in my learning and my career. ' 2 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.co TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
Organization of the Research. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Literature Review- The Concepts. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
Productivity and Labour Productivity. The Economics Theory. The Empirical Study. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
Dependent variable: Labour productivity (LABPRO). CHAPTER 4: MODEL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Pool regression model results. Random effects model results.
Fixed effects model results. The significant effect ofFDI spillovers in Food processing industry. The influence ofFDI spillovers in Electronics and Mechanics industry. 40 3 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
The effect of controllable variables on labour productivity. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS. MODEL RESULTS IN FOOD PROCESSING. MODEL RESULTS IN ELECTRONICS AND MECHANICS.
OVERVIEW OF FDI IN VIETNAM. 60 4 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.co LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The expected signs ofindependent variables. The descriptive statistics of data sample in Food Processing industry. The correlation coefficients of the variables in Food Processing industry.
Pool regression model result in Food Processing industry. Random effects model result in Food Processing industry. Breusch-Pagan Lagrange multiplier test. Fixed effects model result in Food Processing industry.
Fixed effects model result with time fixed effects in Food Processing industry. Time-fixed effects test. Modified Wald test. The result of the most appropriate model in Food Processing industry.
The summary ofresu1ts in the most appropriate model in Food Processing and Electronics and Mechanics. 39 • 5 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.co LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Foreign direct investment inflows in period 1995 - 2010. FDI projects licensed in period 1988 - 2009 by kinds of economic activity.
Structure of investment at current prices by Foreign investment sector. Structure ofGDP at current prices by Foreign investment sector. Structure ofGDP at current prices by Manufacturing industry. 63 6 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Balance ofPayments and International 1 Investment Position Manual 6 h edition 2. Fixed Effects Regression Model 3. General Statistics Office 4. International Monetary Fund 5.
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development 7. Random Effects Regression Model 8. Vietnam Standard Industrial Classification 7 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Problem Statement It has been observed that within decades recently, there are some emerging countries gaining benefits from foreign direct investment and getting significant economic growth.
Direct effects can be seen from capital inflow, growth of local employment, application of advanced equipment, practical usage of technology. Indirect effect can be seen from technology spillover from subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs) to local firms in host countries. Within the period of 1960s- 1970s, the inflow ofFDI has been a significant factor contributed to the rapid growth of Hong Kong, Singapore. The pattern also applies to China and Vietnam in recent years as well.
In particular, Vietnam is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world with the average growth rate over 7 percent per annum due to the successfulness in attracting a large inflow ofFDI. The debate of positive effect of FDI inflows on the economic growth of host countries does not gain much attention; however, there is much discussion on whether and how FDI inflows produce technology spillovers to the labour productivity of domestic firms. Some studies find that FDI brings positive technology spillovers to the productivity of domestic firms by competition, demonstration and training of employees such as Caves (1974), Blomstrom and Persson (1983), Kokko (1994), and Liu (2002). Other studies, Aitken and Harrison (1999), Kathuria (2000), believe that FDI generates negative effects to the labour productivity of domestic firms by market stealing and skill stealing.
These studies with mixed evidences examine FDI technology spillovers within industries, which are called intra-industry spillovers or horizontal spillovers. 8 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. - --------------------------------------- In Vietnam, the number of studies on horizontal spillover effects from MNCs to Vietnamese firms is still limited, but the mixed evidences are also found in the studies Le Thanh Thuy (2007), Nguyen Thi Tue Anh et al. (2006), Quoc Hoi Le and Richard Pomfret (2008), Anh Ngoc Nguyen et al.
Nguyen et al. Therefore, this research investigates horizontal technology spillover effects from foreign direct investment on labour productivity of domestic firms in manufacturing industry. However, due to limitation of the available data, this study only focuses on two industries representative for low technology industry (Food processing in particular) and high technology industry (Electronics and Mechanics in particular), not in the whole manufacturing industry as other studies. The research applies many panel regression models including pool regression, fixed effects regression model (FEM) and random regression model (REM).
The interesting findings are expected to come and contribute to policymakers in the government and firms. With the findings, the government as well as firms could make a set of recommendations to take the best of advantage of FDI to improve labour productivity of domestic firms in low technology industry and high technology industry. Research Objectives The overall goal of this research is to analyze horizontal technology spillover effects from FDI on labour productivity of domestic firms in low technology industry (Food processing in particular) and high technology industry (Electronics and Mechanics industry in particular) in Vietnam. Specifically, the research will focus on three objectives as follows: (i) Whether horizontal technology spillovers through FDI affect the labour productivity of domestic firms in low technology industry as Food processing.
9 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.co (ii) Whether horizontal technology spillovers through FDI affect the labour productivity of domestic firms in high technology industry as Electronics and Mechanics. (iii) Recommendations for government planners and domestic firm managers to take advantage of FDI to improve the labour productivity of domestic firms. Research Questions The research questions in this research mainly focus on investigating the effects of horizontal technology spillovers on labour productivity of domestic firms in low technology industry (Food processing in particular) and high technology industry (Electronics and Mechanics industry in particular). In more detail, the research aims to answer these following questions: (1) Do horizontal technology spillovers through FDI give significant impact on labour productivity of domestic firms in low technology industry as Food processing? (2) Is labour productivity of domestic firms in high technology industry as Electronics and Mechanics influenced by horizontal technology spillovers? (3) What is the set of recommendations for government planners and domestic firm managers to take advantage of FDI to improve the labour productivity of domestic firms? 1.
Research scope The research focuses on investigating horizontal technology spillover effects on labour productivity of domestic firms in low technology industry (Food processing in particular) and high technology industry (Electronics and Mechanics in particular) from 2006 to 2008. Moreover, the research investigates effects of controllable determinants including capital intensity, scale and labour quality on 10 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.co labour productivity. This research applies panel least square method to regress the models, including pool regression model, fixed effects regression model (FEM) and random effects regression model (REM). Organization of the Research The research consists of five chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction part. The second chapter is to review the theoretical and empirical framework. The third chapter describes the data set and presents research methodology, estimation strategy used in this study. The next chapter includes the summary and discussion of model results.
The final one shall provide the conclusion, policy implications as well as some research limitations. 11 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Literature Review - The Concepts 2.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment has grown at a phenomenal rate since the early 1980s, and the world market for it has become more competitive. The increase in direct investment flows has laid the foundation for a marked expansion of international production as well as financial globalization. Foreign Direct Investment is recognized as a key element in the evolving international economic integration; so it is important to have a definition as well as the world standard for direct investment statistics to assist in analyzing FDI activities and effects. There are many ways of FDI definition such as definitions from OECD (2008), BPM6 (2009) or SNA (2008).
Following general economic concepts of BPM6 (2009) and SNA (2008) , OECD (2008) has defined FDI as follows: "Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of establishing a lasting interest by a resident enterprise in one economy (direct investor) in an enterprise (direct investment enterprise) that is resident in an economy other than that of the direct investor. The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise, and a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise." FDI definition also states clearly that the objectives of direct investment are different from those of portfolio investment whereby investors do not generally expect to influence the management of the enterprise. 12 UAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Productivity and Labour Productivity • According to OECD (2001), productivity is commonly defined as a ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input use.
This measurement is not only a unique purpose for productivity but also include objectives as tracing technical change, efficiency change or accessing standards of living. Therefore, there are many different approaches to productivity measurement depending on the purpose as well as the availability of data such as labour productivity, capital productivity, capital-labour productivity and capital-labour-energy-materials productivity.