Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1982 The American Public Art Museum: Formation of its Prevailing Attitudes Marilyn Mars Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.edu/etd Part of the Art Education Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.edu/etd/1302 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact libcompass@vcu. THE AMERICAN PUBLIC ART MUSEUM: FORMATION OF ITS PREVAILING ATTITUDES by MARILYN MARS B., University of Florida, 1971 Submitted t o the Faculty of the School of the Arts of Virginia Commonwealth University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of d ~ r t s RICHMOND, VIRGINIA December, 1982 INTRODUCTION In less than one hundred years the American public art museum evolved from a well-intentioned concept into one of the twentieth century's most influential institutions.
From 1870 to 1970 the institution adapted and eclipsed its European models with its didactic orientation and the drive of its founders. This striking development is due greatly to the ability of the museum to attract influential and decisive leaders who established its attitudes and governing pol. The mark of its success is its ability to influence the way art is perceived and remembered--the museum affects art history. An institution is the people behind it: they determine its goals, develop its structure, chart its direction.
The institution's ability to succeed is limited by its leaders' abilities. The institution mirrors their strengths and their weaknesses, assimilating the best and the worst of those persons with which it is most closely associated. ' This is especially true for the public art museum where strong, decisive leadership by powerful individuals was seldom lacking. No other public institution has so consistently been alligned with people of enor- mous wealth and prominence and none has experienced the degree of success associated with the public art museum.' The sense of surety and impor- tance which the art museums convey is the manifestation of its alliance with people who were either very rich, important, influential or all '~ermaineBazin, The Museum Age(New York: Universe Books, Inc.
As founders and later as trustees of the public art museums these people diligently sought to imbue their institutions with the ability "to promote learning and provide a cultural baseu2 through its collection. Many had subscribed to the concept of a public art museum after having watched helplessly as several admirable col lect ions'of fine art were dispersed for lack of organization to assume responsibility for them after their owner's death. These people were protective of their own collection and worked for a public art museum in order to insure its preservation and secure its future. The museum's collection is its reason for being and its most evi- dent sign of success.
Many of the museum trustees had collections of their own, varying in size and quality. Individually their effects on art and its history would have gone unnoticed except for the Morgans, Mellons and Rockefellers among them. But collectively, in the museum context, they had much to say and they used their authority shrewdly. This was especially evident in the art market where the public art museums of America displayed substantial resources.
The art dealers, competing collectors and even the artists took note. It was there that the museums made their initial impact by purchas- ing widely, in decisive moves, establishing a pattern that would alter art values conclusively. The trustees who led the museums had no rules to follow, no guide- books or higher authority to whom they needed to answer. They made their decisions based on their prior business experiences with the authority they had learned in the business world.
There had been no art training for these leaders and they bought according to their whims from what was available. '~oshua Taylor, "The Art Museum in the United States," in On Under- standing Art Museums, ed. They bought as much as they could and continued to purchase and exhibit all that they had collected. The public art museums were forced to move to larger buildings to accomodate their growing collections and soon be- gan replacing pieces of lesser quality with the finest artwork available.
Historical events in Europe aided this endeavor and the museum trustees took the opportunity presented to make their museums the finest in the world. The decisions made by the trustees were predicated on their own interest and that of the museum. Museum policy was established with this priority and the museum flourished under the leadership of contented trustees. They decided on exhibitions often featuring their own collections and purchased according to their own taste and discretion.
They took advantage of their position of power at the museum to enhance their own collection through its association with "museum quality" pieces. Having thus established this attitude, it was relatively easy to attract others of like minds to the museum boards. These were often friends and relatives of the trustees who saw their fellow collectors benefiting from association with a public art museum in a variety of ways. Most importantly the trustees enhanced their col lections by exhibiting in an institution which promised continuity in the tradition of the European art palaces and improving quality.
Although all public art museums subscribed to an educational objective, the col- lection and preservation of art was the museums' primary function. The museums grew by attracting trustees with collections. As the size of the museum collection increased, so too did its scope, quality and its reputation and that attracted more gifts and willing trustees. The trustees sought others like themselves so they could be sure to preserve their shared interests and be assured of similar, if not always equal, financial obligations.
The period between 1900 and the late 1930's was one of greatly increased prosperity for the museum and the most important collection period for both individuals and museums. Because of favorable tax laws, many of the collectors bought works of art which they committed to the museum of their choice, but they were able to keep the work with the taxes deferred because of the work's proposed destination. Collectors were assisted in their important purchases by art ist-advisers, knowledgeable dealers and sometimes by the increasing number of museum professionals with artistic training. This important period of expansion also witnessed the development of the public's trust in the museum where the quality artwork would be found.
Connoisseurship had recently been popularized due to the newsworthy attitude of the press every time one of the important collectors had a masterpiece validated. The large sums paid for artwork generated much public attent-ion,but were thought to guarantee the worth of the many fine works entering the United States in record numbers. The wealthy also used their art purchases destined for the museums to help avert the strong public opinion against their immense fortunes. Americans would someday own the first rate artwork of these collectors and not have to be satisfied with the plaster casts and replicas which the museums had originally purchased for educational purposes.
Due to the generosity of the American collectors, much of the world's finest artwork was brought to this country during the first half of the twentieth century. 3 The extent to which the trustees of the art museum influenced its 3 ~ o h nWalker, Self-Portrait with Donors (Boston: Little, Brown & Co. dynamic rise to power cannot be overstated. First by their own energies and later through the directors and staff they chose, the trustees pro- pelled the museum into a position at the apex of importance, especially within the art world.
It is through the museums that works of artistic merit are shared with the public for enjoyment or study; newly found work is premiered; artwork created at similar times or with sympathetic themes, techniques, or artists can be compared; even whole artistic movements can be recognized. The museum shapes art history by presenting its exhibitions in terms that will be remembered as fact.4 Once viewed in the museum, the value of a piece of art both monetarily and in a historical context is not easily dismissed. The trustees used the museum's "legitimizing effect" in their own best interest enhancing their own collections. Then, usually, those same co1lections were donated to the very museums which had legitimized them as museum quality.
But the trustees had inherent limitations which they also shared with their museums. Their single-mindedness often blinded them to anything but their purpose, and museums gained the reputation by association ofbe- ing aloof and self-righteous due to this attitude. After World War I1 the museums' attendance swelled and the trustees saw this as a sign of affirmation for their policies and their self-righteousness increased. The country-club atmosphere accelerated and self-centered policies con- tinued until the social unrest of the 1960's jolted them into recognition of contemporary issues.
Many trustees were so badly shaken by the scathing personal attacks on their life styles and priorities that they resigned and the whole financial backing of the museum was altered. The pub1 ic had 4 ~ a yLarson, "The Myth and Logic of Making Taste in NY ," Art News, Nov. finally claimed its museums and began demanding the dialogue it felt en- titled to from a public institution. The public still has little input into the museums' policies and presentations and makes itself heard by attending or avoiding the museum in very large proportions.
The museum board recognizes that there is a world beyond its walls although it chooses not to address itself to external issues very often. That remains their choice. This investigation of the public art museum in America, especially during its formative years as a nascent institution, will concentrate on three distinct groups of people responsible for the directions the museum followed and the formation of its prevailing attitudes. Of those, the co1 lectors and trustees form the most pervasive and influential group; its effect on the museum composition is of paramount importance.
Logistically, the trustees founded the museums, provided their initial manpower and organ- ization, supplied the co1 lections and supplementary funding, hired the pro- fessional staff and gave it direction. The diverse characteristics of this group have been of major importance to the individualized atmosphere of the museums within this collective institution. A second group, of supporting function, comprises another important faction in the museum's evolution. The art dealers, artistic advisers and connoisseurs have most directly influenced the collectors and thereby had an indirect influence on the museum's development.
Few artists and very few critics could also be included within this group, however tangentially, as collectors often seem to feel personally responsible for the work of art. The professional museum staff evolved from an untrained group of collection attendants, originally hired to "look after the collection" into well-trained specialists within a chosen field of expertise. Through their professionalism and devotion, standards of exhibition and museum presentation 7. pioneered in America have been adopted worldwide because of their high qua1 ity and didactic approach.
The museum professionals are powerful arbiters of taste and value within the art world, where their personal attention to an artist or artistic movement can have immense effect in determining success or failure. 5 The history of the art museum's growth in America is presented in this thesis to place the development of the public art museum in the proper context. Private museums exist to feature a private collection, most often without other presentations as are found in the university museums and public institutions. Large public art museums are "encylopedic" in nature, pre- senting an overview of the history of art and special art extravaganzas to attract the public.
The smaller institutionsstrugg1e to make a place for themselves, many questioning the most prudent direction of a collection limited by resources, space and interest.