THE PSYCHOLOGY BOOK THE PSYCHOLOGY BOOK LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI DK LONDON DK DELHI First American Edition 2012 PROJECT ART EDITOR PROJECT ART EDITOR Published in the United States by Amy Orsborne Shruti Soharia Singh DK Publishing SENIOR EDITORS SENIOR ART EDITOR 375 Hudson Street Sam Atkinson, Sarah Tomley Chhaya Sajwan New York, New York 10014 EDITORS MANAGING ART EDITOR 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 Cecile Landau, Scarlett O’Hara Arunesh Talapatra 001—181320—Feb/2012 US EDITOR SENIOR EDITOR Copyright © 2012 Rebecca G. Warren Monica Saigal Dorling Kindersley Limited MANAGING ART EDITOR EDITORIAL TEAM All rights reserved. Karen Self Sreshtha Bhattacharya, Gaurav Joshi Without limiting the rights under the MANAGING EDITORS PRODUCTION MANAGER copyright reserved above, no part of Esther Ripley, Camilla Hallinan Pankaj Sharma this publication may be reproduced, ART DIRECTOR DTP MANAGER/CTS stored in or introduced into a retrieval Philip Ormerod Balwant Singh system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, ASSOCIATE DTP DESIGNERS PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Arvind Kumar, Rajesh Singh Adhikari photocopying, recording, or otherwise), Liz Wheeler without the prior written permission of DTP OPERATOR both the copyright owner and the PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Vishal Bhatia above publisher of this book. Jonathan Metcalf Published in Great Britain styling by by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
ILLUSTRATIONS James Graham STUDIO8 DESIGN A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. PICTURE RESEARCH Myriam Megharbi ISBN:978-0-7566-8970-4 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for Printed and bound in China PRODUCTION EDITOR sales promotions, premiums, by Leo Paper Products Ltd Tony Phipps fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing PRODUCTION CONTROLLER Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, Angela Graef New York, New York 10014 or Discover more at SpecialSales@dk.com CONTRIBUTORS CATHERINE COLLIN VOULA GRAND A clinical psychologist, our consultant Catherine As a business psychologist, Voula Grand consults for Collin is an Associate Professor (Senior Lecturer in international corporations on leadership and executive Psychological Therapies) at the University of Plymouth performance. Her first novel is Honor’s Shadow.
She is in England. Catherine’s interests lie in primary care currently writing the sequel, Honor’s Ghost. mental health and cognitive behavior therapy. NIGEL BENSON MERRIN LAZYAN A lecturer in philosophy and psychology, Nigel Benson A writer, editor, and classical singer, Merrin Lazyan has written several bestselling books on the subject of studied psychology at Harvard University and has psychology, including Psychology for Beginners and worked on several fiction and nonfiction books, Introducing Psychiatry.
spanning a broad range of topics. JOANNAH GINSBURG MARCUS WEEKS A clinical psychologist and journalist, Joannah A writer and musician, Marcus Weeks studied Ginsburg works in community treatment centers in philosophy and worked as a teacher before embarking New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, and Dallas, and on a career as an author. He has contributed to many regularly contributes to psychology publications. She books on the arts and popular sciences.
is joint author of This Book has Issues: Adventures in Popular Psychology. CONTENTS 10 INTRODUCTION 38 We know the meaning of “consciousness” so BEHAVIORISM long as no one asks us RESPONDING TO OUR PHILOSOPHICAL to define it ENVIRONMENT ROOTS William James PSYCHOLOGY IN THE MAKING 46 Adolescence is 60 The sight of tasty food a new birth makes a hungry man’s G. Stanley Hall mouth water Ivan Pavlov 18 The four temperaments of personality 48 24 hours after learning 62 Profitless acts are Galen something, we forget stamped out two-thirds of it Edward Thorndike 20 There is a reasoning Hermann Ebbinghaus soul in this machine 66 Anyone, regardless of Descartes 50 The intelligence of their nature, can be an individual is not trained to be anything 22 Dormez! Abbé Faria a fixed quantity John B. Watson Alfred Binet 24 Concepts become forces 72 That great God-given when they resist one 54 The unconscious sees the maze which is our human another men behind the curtains world Edward Tolman Johann Friedrich Herbart Pierre Janet 74 Once a rat has visited our 26 Be that self which one grain sack we can plan on truly is Søren Kierkegaard its return Edwin Guthrie 28 Personality is composed 75 Nothing is more natural of nature and nurture than for the cat to “love” Francis Galton the rat Zing-Yang Kuo 30 The laws of hysteria 76 Learning is just not are universal possible Karl Lashley Jean-Martin Charcot 77 Imprinting cannot be 31 A peculiar destruction of forgotten! Konrad Lorenz the internal connections of the psyche 78 Behavior is shaped by Emil Kraepelin positive and negative reinforcement B.
Skinner 32 The beginnings of the mental life date from 86 Stop imagining the scene the beginnings of life and relax Wilhelm Wundt Joseph Wolpe 130 The good life is a process PSYCHOTHERAPY not a state of being COGNITIVE THE UNCONSCIOUS PSYCHOLOGY Carl Rogers DETERMIINES BEHAVIOR 138 What a man can be, THE CALCULATING BRAIN he must be 92 The unconscious is the Abraham Maslow true psychical reality 160 Instinct is a dynamic Sigmund Freud 140 Suffering ceases to be pattern Wolfgang Köhler suffering at the moment 100 The neurotic carries a it finds a meaning 162 Interruption of a task feeling of inferiority with Viktor Frankl greatly improves its him constantly chances of being Alfred Adler 141 One does not become fully remembered human painlessly Bluma Zeigarnik 102 The collective unconscious Rollo May is made up of archetypes 163 When a baby hears Carl Jung 142 Rational beliefs create footsteps, an assembly healthy emotional is excited 108 The struggle between the consequences Donald Hebb life and death instincts Albert Ellis persists throughout life 164 Knowing is a process Melanie Klein 146 The family is the not a product “factory” where people Jerome Bruner 110 The tyranny of the are made “shoulds” Karen Horney Virginia Satir 166 A man with conviction is a hard man to change 111 The superego becomes 148 Turn on, tune in, drop out Leon Festinger clear only when it Timothy Leary confronts the ego with 168 The magical number 7, hostility Anna Freud 149 Insight may cause plus or minus 2 blindness George Armitage Miller 112 Truth can be tolerated Paul Watzlawick only if you discover it 174 There’s more to the yourself Fritz Perls 150 Madness need not be all surface than meets breakdown. It may also be the eye 118 It is notoriously break-through Aaron Beck inadequate to take an R. Laing adopted child into one’s 178 We can listen to only one home and love him 152 Our history does not voice at once Donald Winnicott determine our destiny Donald Broadbent Boris Cyrulnik 122 The unconscious is the 186 Time’s arrow is bent discourse of the Other 154 Only good people get into a loop Jacques Lacan depressed Dorothy Rowe Endel Tulving 124 Man’s main task is to 155 Fathers are subject to 192 Perception is externally give birth to himself a rule of silence guided hallucination Erich Fromm Guy Corneau Roger N. Shepard SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BEING IN A WORLD OF OTHERS 218 You cannot understand 193 We are constantly on a system until you try the lookout for causal to change it connections Kurt Lewin Daniel Kahneman 224 How strong is the 194 Events and emotion are urge toward social stored in memory together conformity? Gordon H.
Bower Solomon Asch 196 Emotions are a runaway 228 Life is a dramatically 238 The goal is not to advance train Paul Ekman enacted thing knowledge, but to be Erving Goffman in the know Serge Moscovici 198 Ecstasy is a step into an alternative reality 230 The more you see it, 240 We are, by nature, social Mihály Csíkszentmihályi the more you like it beings William Glasser Robert Zajonc 200 Happy people are 242 We believe people get extremely social 236 Who likes competent what they deserve Martin Seligman women? Melvin Lerner Janet Taylor Spence 202 What we believe with 244 People who do crazy all our hearts is not 237 Flashbulb memories things are not necessarily the truth are fired by events necessarily crazy Elizabeth Loftus of high emotionality Elliot Aronson Roger Brown 208 The seven sins of memory 246 People do what they Daniel Schacter are told to do Stanley Milgram 210 One is not one’s thoughts Jon Kabat-Zinn 254 What happens when you put good people 211 The fear is that biology in an evil place? will debunk all that we Philip Zimbardo hold sacred Steven Pinker 256 Trauma must be understood in terms 212 Compulsive behavior of the relationship rituals are attempts to between the individual control intrusive thoughts and society Paul Salkovskis Ignacio Martín-Baró 286 Most human behavior 324 Emotion is an essentially DEVELOPMENTAL is learned through unconscious process PHILOSOPHY modeling Nico Frijda Albert Bandura FROM INFANT TO ADULT 326 Behavior without 292 Morality develops in environmental cues six stages would be absurdly chaotic 262 The goal of education is to Lawrence Kohlberg Walter Mischel create men and women who are capable of doing 294 The language organ 328 We cannot distinguish new things Jean Piaget grows like any other the sane from the insane body organ in psychiatric hospitals 270 We become ourselves Noam Chomsky David Rosenhan through others Lev Vygotsky 298 Autism is an extreme 330 The three faces of Eve form of the male brain Thigpen & Cleckley 271 A child is not beholden to Simon Baron-Cohen any particular parent Bruno Bettelheim 272 Anything that grows PSYCHOLOGY OF 332 DIRECTORY has a ground plan Erik Erikson DIFFERENCE PERSONALITY AND 340 GLOSSARY 274 Early emotional bonds are INTELLIGENCE an integral part of human nature John Bowlby 344 INDEX 304 Name as many uses 278 Contact comfort is overwhelmingly as you can think of for a toothpick 351 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS important Harry Harlow J. Guilford 279 We prepare children for 306 Did Robinson Crusoe lack a life about whose course personality traits before we know nothing the advent of Friday? Françoise Dolto Gordon Allport 280 A sensitive mother 314 General intelligence creates a secure consists of both fluid and attachment Mary Ainsworth crystallized intelligence Raymond Cattell 282 Who teaches a child to hate and fear a member 316 There is an association of another race? between insanity and Kenneth Clark genius Hans J. Eysenck 284 Girls get better 322 Three key motivations grades than boys drive performance Eleanor E. McClelland 10 INTRODUCTION A mong all the sciences, subject, but today the word most but the intangible nature of psychology is perhaps the accurately describes “the science subjects such as consciousness, most mysterious to the of mind and behavior.” perception, and memory meant that general public, and the most prone psychology was slow in making to misconceptions.
Even though its The new science the transition from philosophical language and ideas have infiltrated Psychology can also be seen as a speculation to scientific practice. everyday culture, most people have bridge between philosophy and In some universities, particularly in only a hazy idea of what the subject physiology. Where physiology the US, psychology departments is about, and what psychologists describes and explains the physical started out as branches of the actually do. For some, psychology make-up of the brain and nervous philosophy department, while in conjures up images of people in system, psychology examines the others, notably those in Germany, white coats, either staffing an mental processes that take place they were established in the science institution for mental disorders or within them and how these are faculties.
But it was not until the conducting laboratory experiments manifested in our thoughts, speech, late 19th century that psychology on rats. Others may imagine a man and behavior. Where philosophy is became established as a scientific with a middle-European accent concerned with thoughts and ideas, discipline in its own right. psychoanalyzing a patient on a psychology studies how we come The founding of the world’s couch or, if film scripts are to be to have them and what they tell us first laboratory of experimental believed, plotting to exercise some about the workings of our minds.