MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY --------------------------- PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S STYLE OF RHETORICAL FIGURES IN THE STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESSES FROM 2010 TO 2016 Submitted to the Faculty of English Language in partial fulfillment of the Master’s degree in English Language Course code: 60220201 By NGO BINH ANH KHOA Supervised by NGUYEN THI KIEU THU, PhD HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2018 i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the Master’s Thesis submitted today entitled: PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S STYLE OF RHETORICAL FIGURES IN THE STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESSES FROM 2010 TO 2016 In terms of the statement of requirements for Theses in Master’s programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee of Faculty of English Language, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology. Ho Chi Minh City, December 15, 2018 NGO BINH ANH KHOA ii RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, NGO BINH ANH KHOA, being a candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (English Language) accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the Library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my Master’s Thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Librarian for the care, loan, and reproduction for theses. Ho Chi Minh City, December 15, 2018 Signature …………………………….
NGO BINH ANH KHOA iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The previous two years has indeed been a long and arduous academic journey towards the MA in English Language for me, but the time spent in this course has been, in my opinion, an extraordinarily wonderful time during which I have been able to make new friends and acquaintances with various interesting people and to broaden my knowledge regarding the language in which I am most interested. The memories I have made and the things I have learnt will, I am sure, continue to stay within my mind for the rest of my days, and I know with certainty that this journey of mine would never have been complete without the tireless aid and assistance of many people who have accompanied me all the way since the very beginning. I would first like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Nguyen Thi Kieu Thu, my supervisor, for her patience, guidance, and insightful advice throughout the whole research process.
Without her support and instructions, I believe that this thesis would never have been satisfactorily finished. Additionally, I would also like to dedicate my gratitude to my family members, especially my mother and father, who have been the constant sources of motivation and energy which helped me throughout this academic journey, and without whom, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible. Last but not least, I would like to extend my thanks to all of my classmates, colleagues and friends, all of whom have been the voices of encouragement that continuously motivated me forward even in my most distressful of times. I would also like to thank my superior at my workplace, Ms.
Tam, for arranging my work schedule in a manner that ultimately provided me with the time I needed to finish this thesis on time. iv ABSTRACT This current research on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) aims to identify the recurring rhetorical figures – words or phrases whose meanings and usage are different from the norm – which were used repeatedly by President Barack Obama in the seven selected State of the Union Addresses from 2010 to 2016. The researcher carried out the research by first conducting a pilot study and consulting materials on the definitions and examples of rhetorical figures (namely the Rhetorica ad Herennium and the website Silva Rhetoricae) before manually identifying and counting the instances, or tokens, where recurring rhetorical figures occurred in the transcripts (retrieved from a reliable website managed by the White House) of all the selected speeches; afterwards, the tokens of those figures were summarized in the forms of tables. According to the findings of the pilot study, it was found that there are a total of twenty identified recurring figures appearing consistently in all seven selected speeches.
Among them, the most popularly used rhetorical figures, each with a total number of token of at least 200 and subsequently arranged in a decreasing order in terms of token count, include (1) Antithesis, (2) Description, (3) Asyndeton, (4) Parenthesis, (5) Paromologia, (6) Metaphor and Simile, (7) Definition, (8) Personification, and (9) Climax, with Antithesis being the most used figure in the speeches and so on. Hence, these nine recurring rhetorical figures became the main focus of this present study. Specifically, each of those aforementioned figures would be clearly defined and accordingly exemplified with extracts taken directly from the transcripts to illustrate their usage in the chosen speeches. Subsequently, implications and recommendations would be made based on such findings.
Key words: President Barack Obama, State of the Union Addresses, from 2010 to 2016, CDA, recurring rhetorical figures of speech v TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY. i RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS .iv LIST OF TABLES. x LIST OF FIGURES .xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .1 Background to the study .2 Rationale of the study .3 Aim and objectives of the study .5 Scope of the study .6 Significance of the study .7 Definitions of key terms .8 Organization of the thesis. 8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.2 Critical Discourse Analysis .1 The characteristics of the State of the Union Address genre .1 Canons of rhetoric .2 Grammatical and lexical schemes .1 Figures by comparison.
25 Metaphor and simile.2 Figures by association .3 Figures by contrast .3 Other types of figures of speech .4 The function of rhetorical figures .5 The rhetorical figures in the selected speeches .3 Sample and sampling method .4 Data collection procedures .5 Data analysis procedures .6 Validity and reliability. 45 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .2 Results and discussion .6 Metaphor and simile .3 Limitations of the research .4 Recommendations for further research. 87 Appendix A: State of the Union Address 2010. 87 Appendix B: State of the Union Address 2011.
111 Appendix C: State of the Union Address 2012. 133 Appendix D: State of the Union Address 2013. 156 Appendix E: State of the Union Address 2014. 177 Appendix F: State of the Union Address 2015.
198 Appendix G: State of the Union Address 2016. 223 Appendix H: Definitions of all recurring rhetorical figures indentified. 242 Appendix I: Metaphors in the selected speeches. 246 ix Appendix J: Antirrhesis – Entities whose opinions Obama rejected.
261 Appendix K: Comparison – Countries which Obama compared the US to. 265 Appendix L: Exemplification – People presented as examples by Obama. 266 Appendix M: Metonymy – A list of metonyms used by Obama. 268 Appendix N: Paromologia – A list of problems admitted by Obama.
271 Appendix O: Results from Plagiarism Checker X. 277 x LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: President Obama’s State of the Union Addresses (2010-2016) .2: The results of the pilot study.1: The tokens of antithesis .2: The tokens of asyndeton .3: The tokens of asyndeton (three listed elements) .4: The tokens of climax .5: The tokens of definition .6: A list of American values in the selected speeches .7: Token counts of personal pronouns .7: The tokens of description .9: The tokens of metaphor and simile .10: The tokens of parenthesis .11: The tokens of paromologia .12: The tokens of personification .13: The most frequently used recurring rhetorical figures .1: Recurring rhetorical figures by category. 74 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Conceptual framework. 35 Figure 2: Data analysis procedure .1 Background to the study The world of politics is an extremely sophisticated domain in which language plays a decisively pivotal role in helping politicians persuade and influence others to understand their ways of thinking and to implement political, social and economical ideas via carefully written and meticulously presented speeches.
Hence, it is important that politicians know well the necessary tools and use them in their speeches so as to convince others and to win over their supporters, and one of such tools which are ever present in such oratory presentations is rhetoric, which is an area of study whose origin can be traced back to ancient Greece (McCroskey, 2006, p. 5) and which has consistently endured for more than two millenia since its conception. One of the most well-known rhetoricians is Aristotle (384-322 B.), whose compositions, entitled Rhetoric, form the enduring foundation on which later texts and studies conducted on the subject were based (“Aristotle’s Rhetoric,” 2010, para. Rhetoric, hence, continues to be a relevant area of linguistics which is still heavily studied and extensively applied in the modern days because, as stated by Beard (2000), rhetoric skills are instrumental in capturing the attention of the others and in convincing the audiences to follow the orator’s views (p.
Furthermore, as posited by Fafner (2000), classical rhetoric is still employed at present when writing or analyzing a speech (as stated in Nielson, 2009, p. Successful politicians, according to Jerit (2004), therefore incorporate a multitude of rhetorical figures in their speeches in order to obtain affiliative responses from the people to whom they speak, thus consolidating their images as competent, charismatic and trustworthy leaders who deserve the people’s votes. A number of studies have therefore been conducted on the interactions between politicians and their audiences via the thorough analysis of video footages, specifically on the rhetorical figures used to evoke applause and positive responses from the audiences (Atkinson, 1 1984; Bull, 2006; Bull & Miskinis, 2014; Heritage & Greatbatch, 1986). Furthermore, there is also a large volume of studies conducted specifically on the rhetoric of various powerful politicians, namely the heads of state, many of which applied Aristotle’s three main means of persuasion – ethos (the persuasive appeal of the orator’s character), pathos (the appeal to emotion), and logos (the appeal to logical arguments and reason) – to analyze the rhetoric of prominent figures in the world of politics (Andersen, 2008; Lim, 2002; Assmundson, 2008; Menz, 2008; Nielsen, 2009; O’Connell et., 2010; Batluk, 2011; Eriksson, 2011; Bird, 2011; Alvi & Baseer, 2011; Alvi & Baseer, 2012; Baseer & Alvi, 2012).
Among the most accomplished politicians in the world, Barack Obama – the forty-fourth president of the United States of America and the first one to be of African-American descent – is without a doubt one of the most respected names in the field of poltics for a variety of reasons, including his humanitary and optimistic messages which remained consistent throughout his two terms in office. Like every politician, to persuade the people to support him and to vote for him, Barack Obama made use of multiple rhetorical figures in his speeches to soothe the concerns of the people and at the same time touch upon subjects which were at the time, and some of which are still, controversial in the United States throughout his career as a senator and then as the President, among which are the topics of gay rights, gun control, racial segregation, war, economic development and many more. To achieve his agenda, to win the support of the people, and to stay in power, Barack Obama times and again displayed his mastery of the art of rhetoric and his oratory skills, which have been highly praised and even compared to those of speakers of high calbier such as John F. Kenndy and Ronald Reagan – outstanding names in the world of American politics themselves (Mendell, 2008).