VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAM THI THUY TRANG SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF EXTREME RAINFALL USING HYDROLOGICAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS IN THE CAU RIVER BASIN VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAM THI THUY TRANG SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF EXTREME RAINFALL USING HYDROLOGICAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS IN THE CAU RIVER BASIN VIETNAM MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISORS Dr. NGUYEN VAN QUANG Dr. TAISHI YAZAWA Hanoi, 2022 COMMITMENT I declare that I have read and understood the plagiarism violations. I pledge with personal honor that this research result is my own and does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at VNU Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QD-DHVN dated 30/9/2021 by the Rector of Vietnam Japan University).
Author of the thesis (Signature) Pham Thi Thuy Trang ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I acknowledge the generous support from the Environmental Engineering Program of Vietnam Japan University. Iam indebted to my supervisor, Dr. Nguyen Van Quang, for his guidance and an endless supply of fascinating information. His approach to research and science is a source of inspiration.
This approach is reflected by his clear mention style, which is something I hope to carry forward throughout my career. Thank you to my co-supervisor, Dr. Yazawa Taishi, for your patience, guidance, and support. I have benefited greatly from your wealth of knowledge and meticulous editing.
Iam extremely grateful that you took me and have faith in me over time. Thank you to my advisor, Dr. Your encouraging words and thoughtful, detailed feedback have been very important to me. Thank you to my classmates for always being there for me and for telling me that I am awesome even when I didn't feel that way.
Most importantly, I am grateful for my family’s unconditional, unequivocal, and loving support. Ha Noi, June 2022 — Pham Thi Thuy Trang TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 11015157. i LIST OF FIGURES 000. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATTIONS .- HT HH HH ngư, 11 CHAPTER 1.
Làn HH TH HH TT HH TT HH TH TH TT TT Tre 2 1. Scope of Research occ ố. Án HH HH Hệ, 2. Flood and Rainfall Situation in RRD and Cau River Basin.
The Probability Distributions to Analyze Rainfall/ Extreme Rainfall in Vietnam 11 2. Hydrological Frequency Analysis. THEORIES AND METHODOLOGIES. Theory of Hydrological Frequency AnaÏyS1S.
Raimfall depths expected for specffic probabilify (XĐ). Dafd COÏÏ€CÍ[ORN. 101191111 TH HT TH TH HT nh HT 3. Application of probability density functions (PDFs).
Goodness-of-fit test and decision of the optimum PDF 3. Analysis of Rainfall CharaCf€TISEICS. Total anHHAÏ FA1[HÍQÏÌ,. - c c ccE%83%%311E51E51 19111 119111111 1 111 1 v11 nàng rưến 3.
The simple precipitation intensity index (SÏÌ). Spatial Interpolation and Mapping Using GÏS. Determining Return Periods for RaInfal[. FINDING AND DISCUSSION.
Estimation of The Probable Rainfall Using HFA. Assessment of The Rainfall CharaCf€TIS(ICS. Analysis of rainfall in the period 2005 — 20]9. Analysis the probable rainƒall.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. -:-:ÖA-©-53ỐÔỐÔS sa ốaổ an 46 Z2 nnhhe. LIST OF TABLES The major floods on the Cau River (Nhat, 2010).--ccccccccccrs 10 Rainfall levels according to the General Department of Meteorology and "—. 30 Rainfall levels using 1n theS1S.
- - c5 1xx ri, 30 Standard Least-Squares Criterion (SLSC). 33 Return period for each rain Ï@VeÌ. --¿- «St rin 35 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of the Cau River Basin.
Topography of the Cau River bas1n. The HEA model application in the Cau River Basin. Rainfall monitoring points in the Cau river basin Figure 3. “The Gumbel probability density function.
55 << ssc+xe+ecse+ Figure 3. The GEV probability density function. Weibull probability density funcfiOn. Exponential distribution probability density function.
GP probability density function Figure 3. Linear leas( SQUAT€S.- - (1n T HH TH nghiệt Figure 3. Ellips leas( SQUAT€S. (1kg HT HH nghiệt Figure 3.
Applying GIS 1n researCh. Estimated probable rainfall in the Cau river Basin. Total annual rainfall and number of rainy days recorded in the Cau River basin for the period 2005 - 20119. ¿+ 1k1 11 91211111010 HH1 Hàn HH nghiệt 36 Eigure 4.
SDII in the Cau River basin in the period 2005 - 2019. Average rainfall in rainy days in Cau River basin in the period 2005 — "0 6d. Seasonal rainfall in the Cau river baSIT. 5 5s +x+sx+e£sersxseeeee 39 Figure 4.
Spatial rainfall characteristics in the Cau river basin from 2005 to 2019. Spatial probable rainfall characteristics in the Cau river basin. Warning of dangerous levels due to rain in Cau River basin in the period "h0 1n. Warning about the dangerous levels due to rain in the Cau River basin in e@ach return PeriOd.
cc eeeeseeseseeseeseeeeeeeseesceecseeseeecsecseeseeecseeseeseeecaeeaeeeeeeaeeaeeeeeeeeeeaeeeees 44 ii HFA: RRD: GCMs: PDF: GEV: GP: SLSC: GIS: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Hydrological Frequency Analysis Red River Delta Global Climate Models Probability Density Function Generalized Extreme Value Generalized Pareto Standard Least-Squares Criterion Geographic Information Systems 11 CHAPTER 1. Problem Statement Climate change is a change of the climate system under the effects of natural factors and human factors. However, in recent years, the impacts of climate change are exacerbated by manmade impacts, such as the use of fossil fuels in transportation and industrial production, and the release of greenhouse gases. Therefore, climate change is one of the most important issues being forced on the world.
According to Genamwatch’s report in COP 24, Vietnam stands at the first in ASEAN and the sixth in the world in the rank of the countries vulnerable to climate change. The impacts of climate change in Vietnam, including extreme weather events, are increasing in frequency and become difficult to predict. The highest monthly rainfall increased from 270 mm in the period of 1901 to 1930 to 281 mm in the period of 1991 to 2015, while the highest monthly temperature increased from 27. In recent years, new records are still being set every year.
The words “record heavy rain”, “record hot weather”, and “record of flooding” are become popular in the Vietnamese media. It is easy to see the change in the frequency of extreme rain. For example, the year 2017 was considered a record year of natural disasters in Vietnam with more than 16 storms and historical floods. The changes in water resources (e., rainfall and river water level) also increased significantly compared to the average level of the previous years.
Climate change can affect the intensity and frequency of rainfall. Global warming makes the ocean become warmer leading to an increase in the amount of water evaporating into the air. When air containing a lot of moisture moves inland or converges into a storm system, it can produce heavy rains that cause flooding and leads to an increase in human, economy, and potential environmental and disease risks. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and focus on research methods and models in basin- scale flood risk estimation based on changes in rainfall characteristics, and develop multiple risk indicators for management.
flood management, such as scale, frequency, etc. Together with research on appropriate indicators for flood risk communication in order to minimize negative impacts from extreme weather events and climate change. Motivation In the context that Vietnam is one of the top countries vulnerable to climate change and the necessity of understanding the change in rainfall characteristics to flood management and adaptation in the context of climate change. Therefore, this research focuses on analyzing rainfall characteristics in each return period by using data in the past and the Hydrological Frequency Analysis model in the Cau River basin as a development pilot for whole the Red River Delta and Vietnam.
Study Area The Cau River basin is located at coordinates from 21. The basin includes all or part of the territory of the provinces of Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Bac Ninh, Bac Giang, Vinh Phuc and Hanoi (Figure 1. The Cau River basin is the most important basin in the Thai Binh River system, with a basin area of 6,030 km? (accounting for about 8% of the area of the Red River - Thai Binh River basin in the territory of Vietnam). The basin has a total length of tributaries of approximately 1,600 km.
The total annual water flow reaches 4.2 billion cubic meter. The Cau River is regulated by Nui Coc lake on the Cong River (a tributary of it) with a capacity of hundreds of millions of cubic meters. The main river Cau River originates from the Van On mountain range (105°37°40”- 22°15°40”) at an altitude of 1175 m in Cho Don district, Bac Kan province. The river upstream flows in the North-South direction, the basin average elevation is 300 - 400 m, the river bed is narrow and steep, many waterfalls and rapids, the meandering degree (2.0), the average width of the river (50 - 60 m) in the dry season, flood season can reach 80-100 m, river bottom slope is about 10 %o.
The middle class flows down from Cho Moi, the river flows in the direction of Northwest - Southeast on a quite long distance, then flows in the old direction (North- South) until Thai Nguyen, the river valley expands, the mountain is lower, the average height is 100 - 200 m, the bottom slope decreases to 0. The river bed in the dry season is about 80-100 m wide, and the meandering value is still large (1. Downstream from Huong Waterfall to Pha Lai, the river flows in the Northwest - Southeast direction, the average height of the basin is only 10-25 m, the river bed slope is small (0.1 %o), and the river bed is average in dry season 70 - 150 m, water depth is from 3 - 4 m. The two banks are surrounded by dikes, so the water surface expands during the flood season.
On Cau River, if calculating the tributaries with a length of 10 km or more, from the upstream to the confluence of the Thuong River, there are 27 large and small tributaries, most of which are small tributaries, of which there are only 5 tributaries with a catchment area of several hundred to 1,000 km*: Cong River (951 km?), Ca Lo River (891 km’), Nghinh Tuong River (465 km2), Cho Chu River (437 km’), Du River (360 km?) and especially the Thuong and Luc Nam Rivers have a larger catchment area than the Cau River (6,650 km?). Excluding the Thuong and Luc Nam Rivers, the Cau River has two relatively large tributaries and both are located on the right bank, namely Cong River and Ca Lo River, both of which originate from the high mountains of over 1,000 m in the mountain range. Tam Dao is in the western part of the basin, but when it escapes from the high mountains it winds around in the large and low plains, namely Dai Tu and Phuc Yen. The mainstream of the Cau River after flowing through many waterfalls in a narrow valley of Bac Kan among the mountains running close to the river.
When coming to Thai Nguyen, the river valley begins to expand gradually. There are many relatively low and flooded areas along the riverbank and prone to flooding during heavy floods. So Cau River has a dyke from Thai Nguyen downstream. The hydrological regime of rivers in the Cau River basin is divided into 2 seasons: (1) The flood season starts from June to September and accounts for 70-80% of the total flow in the year.
(2) The dry season starts from October to May and accounts for only 20-30% of the total flow of the year. The average flow of each month of the year varies by 10 times, the difference between the high and the low water level is quite large, possibly up to 5—6 m. 105°300°E 10900 106300 10700 \ w=< F LEGEND “ Main river 22N Tributary river Cau Rivers name Province 200N — Province 22200N boundary Nghinh Tuong 21°200'N 20300 2t'00N.