THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITIES UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY DANG MAI HUONG A STUDY ON THE PRODUCTION OF SOAP BASED ON TANGERINE PEEL ESSENTIAL OILS BACHELOR THESIS Study mode: Full-time Major: Food Technology Faculty: Advanced Education Program Batch: K50, 2018 - 2022 Thai Nguyen, 2023 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Food Technology Student name Dang Mai Huong Student ID DTN 1854110002 Thesis Title A study on the production of soap based on Tangerine peel essential oils Supervisor (s) Dr. Pham Bang Phuong Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: The study had successfully extracted the essential oils out of Tangerine peel with experiments to determine the optimal points of material – water ratio, NaCl concentration, extraction temperature, and extraction time. Particularly, to produce a maximum volume of 1.81 ml Tangerine peel essential oils, the hydro-distillation operation requires a material – water ratio of 1:5 g/ml, a NaCl concentration in the water of 2%, an extraction temperature of 105oC, and an extraction time of 120 minutes. The essential oils were then incorporated in a cold process of soap making to produce soap bars.
After sensorial tests to determine the suitable ingredients and their amounts, the process was completed with palm oil as the oil for saponification, 2% of Tangerine peel essential oils, 2% of turmeric powder as colorant, and 3% of glycerol. This formula gave an excellent quality soap bar with a total sensorial score of 18. Most of the attributes meet the Keywords: Tangerine peel; essential oils; extraction; saponification Number of pages: 70 Date of Submission: 16/08/2023 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I feel obliged, yet honored to acknowledge that this thesis and all the research work were completed thanks to the great effort and support from many individuals and collectives. First, as my supervisor, Dr.
Pham Bang Phuong had passionately been providing numerous informative and helpful approaches and advices, which were keys to the completion of this study. It has been one of my greatest honors having worked under his supervision. For that, I am really grateful. I also want to deliver my utmost gratitude to the Faculty of Biotechnology – Food Technology in Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, particularly all the personnel including the lecturers and the officials.
The facility as well as the instructions I received during my work were enlightening as they showed me interesting yet practical perspective of the future career that I am pursuing. Furthermore, the faculty’s enthusiasm made me feel really comfortable and appreciated. In addition, during my research, I had also received much needed help and support from my family, seniors, and friends. I would like to express my sincere thanks to them.
Wish us all the best! DANG MAI HUONG i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. i TABLE OF CONTENTS. ii LIST OF FIGURES. 1 LIST OF TABLES.
Background and rationales. Error! Bookmark not defined. Error! Bookmark not defined. Research questions and hypotheses.
Overview of soap products. Materials for soap production. The effects of soap products. Soap production techniques.
Popular process of saponification. Industrial production chain. Beneficial effects of mandarin peel essential oil. Extraction of essential oil.
Status of research on the interested subjects. Research status on the world scale. Research status on the Vietnamese scale. Status of the soap market.
Assessment on literature review. Experiment design and method. Essential oil extraction method. Soap making method.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION. Optimization of the Tangerine peel essential oil extraction. The material – water ratio. The NaCl concentration in the water.
The extraction temperature. The extraction time. Determination of the ingredients for soap making based on Tangerine peel essential oils. The oil for saponification.
The proportion of Tangerine peel essential oils. The proportion of colorant. The proportion of glycerol. Evaluation of the output soap based on the criteria of TCVN 2224:1991.
The complete process of Tangerine peel essential oils-based soap bars. 64 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. The saponification reaction between a fatty molecule and an alkali. Industrial production process of soap bar products.
Cao Bang Tangerine and the peel. The cold process of hydro-distillation for extracting essential oil. The cold process of soap making applied in this study. The essential oils extracted from Tangerine peel with different material – water ratios.
The essential oils extracted from Tangerine peel with different NaCl concentrations. The essential oils extracted from Tangerine peel with different temperatures. The amount of essential oils extracted using different ranges of time for extraction. The essential oils extracted from Tangerine peel with different points of time.
43 1 LIST OF TABLES Table 3. Instruments and laboratory equipment used in the study. 23 Table Error! Use the Home tab to apply 0 to the text that you want to appear here. Chemicals used in the study.
The investigated points of material – water ratios for Tangerine peel essential oil extraction. The investigated points of salt concentration in the water for Tangerine peel essential oil extraction. The investigated points of extraction temperature for Tangerine peel essential oil extraction. The investigated points of extraction time for Tangerine peel essential oil extraction.
The tested types of oil for saponification. The tested proportion of Tangerine peel essential oil. The amount of turmeric powder added in the saponification process. The amount of glycerol added in the saponification process.
The sensorial score of different quality levels. The criteria for toilet soap product based on TCVN 2224:1991. The amount of essential oils extracted using different material – water ratios. The amount of essential oils extracted using different NaCl concentrations in water.
The amount of essential oils extracted 2 using different temperatures for extraction. 41 Table Error! Use the Home tab to apply 0 to the text that you want to appear here. The amount of essential oils extracted using different ranges of time for extraction. Sensorial score of different types of oil for soap making.
Sensorial score of different amount of Tangerine peel essential oils added in soap making. Sensorial score of different amounts of turmeric powder added in the process. Sensorial score of different amounts of glycerol added in the process 48 Table 4. Test results on the criteria for a toilet soap product based on TCVN 2224:1991.
Description of the Tangerine peel essential oils-based soap product. The estimated price of a Tangerine peel essential oils-based soap bar. INTRODUCTION Commented [LC1]: FOLLOW THEO ĐÚNG FORMAT CỦA VP NHÉ SỬA LẠI HẾT CÁC PART THÀNH CHAPTER NHƯ BÊN DƯỚI NHÉ 1. Research and rationale World population increasing along with the social complexity is creating numerous challenges for humanity.
One of them is the issue of personal hygiene. The dense populations become a potential source of spreading infectious diseases (Jaul & Barron, 2017). The COVID 19 pandemic that ravaged the world since 2020 started from China, the world’s most populated country. Furthermore, the pandemic occurred more severely in densely populated countries.
Another example is the Ebola outbreak from 2013 – 2016, which was the spreading of a fatal viruses in Africa, a region with many people but poor health facilities. The large population also makes access to health care much more difficult, especially in developing countries (Dyett & Thomas, 2019; Greguš & Guillebaud, 2020). In Vietnam, the phenomenon in which hospitals were overloaded has been recorded in many advanced medical centers for years. Furthermore, when the quality of small regional health care centers cannot meet the demand, such a phenomenon becomes more serious as people from afar move to provincial hospitals.
These consequences have set a new demand for quick health care products, further improving the ability to protect the health of oneself. From this demand, a new foundation for personal care products was set, making ways to not just research and development but also an entire new market. Personal care products like soap or hand sanitizer are the priority when it comes to personal hygienic issues. They are potent disinfectants that are capable of eliminating microbes while cleaning the human body.
Amidst the COVID pandemic in 2021, the consumption of personal care products sky-rocketed 4 (Chowdhury et al. They played a significant role in preventing the further spread of the disease. Furthermore, this line of products even provides aesthetic values, including body fragrance, skin feel, and comfort. In reality, the need for personal care products has been rising these years as more and more diseases emerge while the awareness of people toward hygiene is constantly raised (Knowles et al.
While the market has been stuck with recurring types of hand sanitizers made of a fat and an alkali added with chemical fragrance, this sets a new requirement of renewing this product line for the global market, in general, and the Vietnamese market, in particular. As a result, research for new types of personal care products like soap is definitely a relatively comprehensive solution. Recently, the demand for organic or natural-based products is becoming a major concern on a global scale. The soap line is not an exception.
New products such as soap derived from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) or cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) have been introduced and received positive feedback from customers. They were proved to be potent at both cleaning and providing special benefits like unique fragrance or skin soothing effects. However, there is still much potential to exploit in terms of natural-based soap products in the scene where Vietnam is a tropical country that hosts various valuable herbs and plants. A new soap derived from a new natural ingredient would not only solve the need for the personal care product market that is rising but also create more options for customers while utilizing local specialties.
Based on the aforementioned rationales, the “Study on the production of soap based on Tangerine peel essential oils” was selected for execution. Research’s objectives There were 04 specific objectives of this study: + Distill and retrieve the essential oils from Cao Bang Tangerine peels + Investigate the production process for a soap product incorporated with the Tangerine essential oils. + Evaluate the output product in terms of sensorial properties and storability. + Design the package for the soap product and execute calculations for commercialization.
Research questions and hypotheses This study was conducted based on the following hypotheses and questions: + Question 1: What are the optimal conditions for extracting tangerine peel essential oil using industrial scale methods? This question led to many hypotheses regarding the suitable methods for essential oil extraction in this study. Hydro-distillation and cold press were among the most prominent considerations. In addition, there were hypotheses regarding the default points of research for finding optimal factors. + Question 2: Is tangerine peel essential oil suitable for making a soap product? Question 2 also referred to the methods for making soap and the hypothesis of suitability for incorporating tangerine peel essential oil to a soap formula.
Limitations Despite the utmost effort of the implementer as well as the supervisors, this study remains with few limitations that require much help, comments, and recommendations from the instructors, lecturers, and experts in the field. Here 6 are the most eminent limitations that the implementation of this study encountered: + Research capabilities: The implementer had studied both theoretical foundations and realistic foundations before conducting research protocols. However, there are still limitations that may impede accuracy or further achievement of this project. + Differences in approaching: The approaches that this study had selected possess many differences compared to many methods used by many studies in the same fields.
That is why there was a lack of comparative means, which could reduce the objectivity of the findings from this study. + Variable instruments: Instruments used in this study also affected the results and also reduced the range of comparisons with other articles.