MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYỄN NGỌC TƯỜNG VI PERCEIVED RISK, ATTITUDE TOWARDS AIRLINE E-TICKET PURCHASE INTENTION MASTER THESIS Ho Chi Minh City – 2011 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYỄN NGỌC TƯỜNG VI PERCEIVED RISK, ATTITUDE TOWARDS AIRLINE E-TICKET PURCHASE INTENTION MAJOR: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAJOR CODE: 60.05 MASTER THESIS INSTRUCTOR: PROF. NGUYỄN ĐÌNH THỌ Ho Chi Minh City – 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my research Instructor, Prof. Nguyen Dinh Tho for his intensive support, valuable suggestions, guidance and encouragement during the course of my study. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of my teachers at Faculty of Business Administration and Postgraduate Faculty, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City for their teaching and guidance during my MBA course.
I would like to specially express my thanks to all of my classmates, my friends from www.vn for their support and encouragement. I would also like to avail this opportunity to express my appreciation to Prof. Nguyen Dinh Tho, UEH Board of Directors for creating MBA program in English and Dr. Tran Ha Minh Quan for his support during the course.
Finally, I heartily dedicate this study to my beloved parents and my husband, Tran Hao Hiep who have always sacrificed to encourage and support me during my study. ABSTRACT Nowadays, Internet makes getting a ticket more convenient since the service is available at any geographical location at anytime, any day so that number of consumers who book travel tickets online is growing. When airlines shift from paper-based ticket to e-ticket, customers’ acceptance will become important for both sides: companies and buyers. A high perceived risk level implies that consumers expect the service purchased online leads to a reduction in perceived benefits.
Any risk perceptions affect consumers’ willingness to book tickets over the Internet negatively. Because the problem discussed above, there was a need for further investigation into the area. The target of this research was examining the influence of perceived risk on customer behavior. This study analyzed the types of perceived risk when considering buying tickets through Internet.
The result showed that the perceived risk factors that would affect to the intention to buy tickets online in Ho Chi Minh City is financial risk, psychological risk, time risk and convenience risk. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Scope and research methodology. Structure of study.
4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Passenger attitude towards e-ticket purchase and purchase intention. 9 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .2 Questionnaire and scale design .4 Data collection and analysis method. Data collection method.
Data analysis method. 16 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS .3 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) .1 Comparison of different ages .2 Comparison of different genders .3 Comparison of different levels of education. 35 APENDIX A: OFFICIAL QUESTIONNAIRE (ENGLISH VERSION). 38 APENDIX B: OFFICIAL QUESTIONNAIRE (VIETNAMESE VERSION) 41 APENDIX C: CRONBACH’S ALPHA ANALYSIS.
44 APENDIX D: EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS. 49 APENDIX E: ANOVA TEST. 53 APENDIX F: REGRESSION ANALYSIS. 56 LIST OF FIGURE Figure 2.
29 LIST OF TABLE Table 3.1: Sample Information Resume .2: Summary of reliability test results .3: KMO and Bartlett’s Test .4: Rotated Component Matrix .5: KMO and Barlett’s Test .6: Total Variance Explained .8: Test of Homogeneity of Variances .11: Independent Samples Test .13: Test of Homogeneity of Variances. Background As the rising power of Internet, the new trends to operate business are called e- commerce, e-marketing and e-business. Purchasers use the Internet not only to buy the products or services online but also to compare prices, product features and after sale service facilities. Companies also use Internet to convey, communicate and disseminate to sell the products or services, to take feedbacks and also to conduct satisfaction surveys with customers.
The most popular form of trading via the Internet was the sale and purchase of goods and services on e-commerce websites. According to Lau (2011), by the end of 2009, trading via e-commerce websites has become popular for several categories of goods and services such as flight tickets, electronics goods, mobile phones, computers, books, tourism tours, hotel reservations… In order to meet consumers’ demand, enterprises also applied flexible delivery and payment methods, from online payment, bank transfer to cash on delivery. Besides from professional e-commerce websites, recently, many social networks and forums also appeared and attracted a hundreds of thousand members. With big numbers of participants, they are becoming a potential market for businesses.
In the context of development, online purchase of goods and services is becoming a visible trend and will grow rapidly in the coming time when online payment becomes more popular and familiar with consumers. Many industries have been turning trading to the Internet including the airline industry. There were more trips being booked over the Internet since online users have become more and more accustomed to this new online reservation system and it is also a cheaper and convenience way. Nowadays, the customers are able to check in and choose the seat online.
At the same time, they can also find other services in the website such as the hotel reservation and car rental (i. the website of Air Asia and Jetstar, etc). E-commerce in Vietnam also confirmed its important role as the tool to help enterprises reduce operation cost and improve competitiveness in the increasingly competitive global market. As a survey by the Ministry of Industry and Trade in 2004 enterprises throughout the country in 2009, it showed that nearly 100% of enterprises implement e-commerce application at different scale and levels.
The highlight of e- commerce application in 2009 is the increasing rate of enterprises utilizing e-commerce software for production and business activities. Most of enterprises have also been aware of and started to use public services provided by state agencies. The efficiency of business’ e-commerce application in 2009 has been obvious. Only 5% of total cost was spent for e-commerce and information technology investment, on average 33% of business revenue came from orders via electronic means.
Ticket online reservation can be considered as a typical example of e-commerce in Vietnam in trade integration process. Through this service, the tickets can be ordered from anywhere and anytime via Internet system. Tickets are located through the airline’s website and customers are provided all information relating to booking services and trading. Thus, the application will bring comfort and ease for purchasers while helping for cost savings, enhancing customer satisfactions.
In recent years, especially since low- cost airlines were applied the transportation market in Vietnam such as Tiger Airways, Air Asia, Jetstar…, there has been begun an e-ticket trade system because this is one of the major factor for cutting the cost, reducing the price, and attracting more customers. This service type has met the client’s needs and is a developing trend in Vietnam market. The selling of electronic air tickets in Vietnam is in accordance with the International Air Transport Association’s itinerary of implementing e-ticket service worldwide. On the Vietnamese front, the concept was first initiated by Jetstar Pacific Airline in March 2006.
And nowadays, all activities including booking, purchasing, printing and payment are conducted through Internet. According statistical figure of Jetstar in 2009, online purchasers and e-transaction is reached 77% total of clients. In December of 2008, Vietnam Airlines also used Internet for selling tickets. Compared to other online shopping transactions, e-ticket is gaining popularity vastly as the customers can gain cost-benefits from buying tickets online.
Problem statement Airlines industry identified the Internet as a major opportunity to tackle distribution costs and to reconstruct the structure of this industry. The widespread of enthusiasm for e-commerce has lead airline industry into electronic ticket or e-ticket. An electronic ticket (E-ticket) is “simply a record of a reservation made using a valid credit card number stored in the computer database of the airline company” (McCuhbrey, 1999). As definition of Sulaiman (2008), an e-ticket is the combination process of the issue and delivery of ticket into a single operation which reduce cost of printing paper ticket.
The consumer books tickets over the Internet and tickets are delivered to them through emails. The principal advantage of e-ticket is the fact that it reduces booking expense by eliminating the need for printing and mailing paper documents. This is a reliable, useable, efficient service provided by airlines to make the process of booking and purchasing ticket easier. The consumers are no more required to visit a physical outlet and carry paper tickets to airport.
The United Air was the first company to experiment with e-ticket and that led a huge transformation in global travel industry (Sulaiman, 2008). Nowadays, many companies in Vietnam use online system in operation and marketing their product and services. In airline industry, the service is provided with many kinds of travel agency like Air Asia, Jetstar, Vietnam Airline, United Airlines… Through the identification of risks affecting the tendency to choose the form of transactions airline tickets online will enable for airline companies to build trading strategies on market trends and competitive integration from airlines around the world. Also this will help business develop and improve their planning, marketing to expand and satisfy clients better.
The problem statement is to get a better understanding of the online consumer behavior that will result in gaining knowledge regarding the risk factors affecting consumers’ intention to get products and services through Internet in general and specifically airline tickets through Internet booking systems. Research objectives The purpose of this study is to determine: The impact of perceived risks on passengers’ attitude toward airline e-tickets. The relationship between attitudes of passengers toward airline e-tickets and e- tickets purchase intention. The intention to purchase airline e-ticket between different groups as gender, ages, educational background.
Scope and research methodology The survey was carried out in Ho Chi Minh City. Qualified respondents for this study are Internet users who have no experience in purchasing airline e-ticket. The collected data will be processed by software SPSS 13. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to measure internal reliability.
Factor Analysis was designed to simplify the correlation matrix and reveal a small number of factors which can explain the correlation; therefore, it was used in this study to test items for convergent validity and uni-dimensionality. After preliminary appraisal, the model was used in single and multiple regression analysis to figure out the impact of perceived risks, attitude towards airline e-ticket purchase intention. ANOVA test compares the idea of getting e-ticket for the difference target clients (gender, age, education level). Structure of study The study is divided into 5 parts: Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter presents the research background of study as well as the problem statement, research objectives, scope and research methodology.
Chapter 2: Literature review In this chapter, hypotheses and model research will be presented. Chapter 3: Research methodology Based on research objectives, research methodology, literature review and model presented in chapter 1 & 2, this chapter particularly presents the sampling method, questionnaire and scale design, data collection as well as data analysis. Chapter 4: Research results This chapter presents the data which is gathered through the survey. Descriptive statistics is used to explore the features of explanatory variables as well as the relationship between each variable in two models.
Furthermore, data analysis and hypothesis testing are performed. Chapter 5: Conclusions, managerial implications and research limitations Chapter 5 presents conclusions and implications for managers based on the results of the previous chapters. By the way, limitations will be showed for furthere researches. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, we will review at the previous literature that has been proven to affect intention to shop online and then we will introduce a model based on literature suitable for measuring the perceived risks and attitude towards airline e-ticket purchase intention.
By that, the research model and hypotheses to explain intention to use Internet reservation systems is proposed.