VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE THE IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE OF CONSTRAINTS ON WH-MOVEMENT IN ENGLISH AMONG L2 LEARNERS: A CASE STUDY AT AN ENGLISH FACULTY OF A UNIVERSITY IN VIETNAM A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master’s degree in TESOL By TẠ LÊ MINH PHƯỚC Supervised by NGUYỄN THỊ NHƯ NGỌC, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, MAY, 2022 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that the thesis entitled: “THE IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE OF CONSTRAINTS ON WH-MOVEMENT IN ENGLISH AMONG L2 LEARNERS: A CASE STUDY AT AN ENGLISH FACULTY OF A UNIVERSITY IN VIETNAM” submitted by Tạ Lê Minh Phước is a record of bona fide work under the instruction of Dr. Nguyễn Thị Như Ngọc and the supervision of the Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature, Ho Chi Minh University of Social Sciences and Humanities. I guarantee that the content of the thesis was not previously published by any others.
And the literature mentioned is properly acknowledged. Ho Chi Minh City, May, 2022 TẠ LÊ MINH PHƯỚC i RETENTION OF USE I hereby state that I, Tạ Lê Minh Phước, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention of use of my thesis archived in the library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original version of my thesis should be accessible for the purpose of study and research. Ho Chi Minh City, May, 2022 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In order to complete my Master thesis, I have been very fortunate to receive a lot of support and guidance from many beloved people, whom I would love to say “thank you”.
First, a huge thank to my instructor Dr. Nguyễn Thị Như Ngọc. During the time I conducted my research, she was a whole-hearted mentor, a disciplined instructor and an inspiring teacher. I was highly motivated by her dedication and patience.
She got me through the difficulties of writing a thesis and guided me how to orientate my career path. My thesis could have never been possible without the help of Dr. Lê Hoàng Dũng and Dr. Nguyễn Đăng Nguyên, who taught me the very core theories of Research Methodology during my coursework.
I would love to extend my best gratitude to Ms. Bùi Huỳnh Thủy Thương. Without her, I might not have seen the light of Linguistics, which is my life passion. She has always given me valuable pieces of advice and connected me to the world of knowledge.
Moreover, the thesis would have been impossible without the support of 103 students participating in the study. I also would like to thank them from the bottom of my heart. Last but not least, I want to sincerely thank my parents for supporting me both financially and emotionally. They have been an endless source of motivation for me to pursue my academic path and truly materialize this ‘brainchild’.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Statement of originality .i Retention of use .iii List of abbreviations .ix List of tables .x List of figures.xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Background to the study. Aims of the study. Significance of the study.
Scope of the study. Outline of the thesis .5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Instruction in EFL classrooms. Universal Grammar (UG) and Language acquisition.
Universal Grammar in L1 acquisition: an overview. Universal Grammar in L2 acquisition. The initial stage. The later stage.
Wh-movement in English. The Complex Noun Phrase Constraint. The wh-island constraint. The Sentential Subject Constraint.
The Adverbial Island Constraint. That-trace effect. Studies into the implicit knowledge of constraints on wh-movement in English. Conceptual framework of the study.
Context of the study. Language Proficiency Test. Construct and design. Data collection procedure.
Data analysis procedure. Intervals of means .45 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Complex Noun Phrase Constraint. Wh-island Constraint.
Sentential Subject Constraint and Adverbial Island Constraint. That-trace effect. The presence of “that”. Summary of the major findings.72 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS.
Implications for EFL teachers. Implications for L2 learners. Limitations and recommendations for future research .90 vii APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE OF CONSTRAINTS ON WH-MOVEMENT IN ENGLISH.93 APPENDIX 2: MINITAB OUTPUT OF PARTICIPANTS’ DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS .97 APPENDIX 3: MINITAB OUTPUT OF RELIABILITY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE .98 APPENDIX 4: MINITAB OUTPUT OF JUDGMENTS ON INVESTIGATED STRUCTURES OF L2 LEARNERS.99 APPENDIX 5: SYNTACTIC THEORIES OF CONSTRAINTS ON WH- MOVEMENT IN ENGLISH .113 APPENDIX 6: COURSE SYLLABI OF GRAMMAR COURSES AT EF.126 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANOVA Analysis of variance ECP Empty Category Principle EF English Faculty EFL English as a foreign language IL Interlanguage L1 First language L2 Second language NL Native language SLA Second Language Acquisition TL Target language UG Universal Grammar ix LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Summary of the constraint on Complex Noun Phrases.
Summary of the constraint on wh-islands. Summary of the constraint on that-trace effect. Summary of the participants’ demographic characteristics. Distribution of items in the questionnaire.
Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of the test items. Intervals of means for data analysis. Grammaticality of the items investigated in the study. Criteria in order to confirm the participants’ acquisition of each structure .1 Shapiro-Wilk test for normal distribution of the structures investigated.
Descriptive statistics of wh-movement in sentential complements. Two-sample t-test for judgments on wh-movement in sentential complements (between complement extraction and modifier extraction). Descriptive statistics of wh-movement in relative clauses. Two-sample t-test for judgments on wh-movement in relative clauses (between complement extraction and modifier extraction).
Descriptive statistics of wh-movement in wh-islands. One-way ANOVA test for subject extraction, object extraction and modifier extraction out of wh-islands. Descriptive statistics of wh-movement in sentential subjects and adverbial islands. Descriptive statistics of wh-movement in subject extraction with and without “that”…………………………………………………………………………………52 Table 4.
Two-sample t-test for judgments on wh-movement in subject extraction with and without “that”……………………………………………………………………. Descriptive statistics of wh-movement in object extraction with and without “that”. Two-sample t-test for judgments on wh-movement in object extraction with and without “that”. Descriptive statistics of wh-movement in modifier extraction with and without “that”.
Two-sample t-test for judgments on wh-movement in modifier extraction with and without “that”. Summary of the participants’ implicit knowledge of constraints on wh- movement in English. Tendency of the participants’ judgments on the extractions over “that”. Tendency of the participants’ judgments on modifier extraction.
Tendency of the participants’ judgments on subject extraction. Summary of differences between the participants’ interlanguage grammar and native speakers’ grammar. Summary of the B1 level group’s implicit knowledge of constraints on wh- movement in English. Summary of the B2 level group’s implicit knowledge of constraints on wh- movement in English.
Summary of the C1 level group’s implicit knowledge of constraints on wh- movement in English. Summary of structures that the 3 groups (B1, B2 and C1) have acquired .71 xii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Model for L1 acquisition. Model for Full Transfer Full Access Hypothesis.
The conceptual framework of the study. Summary of major research findings .74 xiii ABSTRACT For L2 learners, besides their explicit knowledge, implicit knowledge is an important faculty contributing to their linguistic performance. The study aims to provide an insight into the implicit knowledge of constraints on wh-movement in English among L2 learners at an English faculty of a university in Vietnam with a Universal Grammar (UG) approach. Those constraints are chosen because they are not prevalent in L2 learners’ mother tongue and therefore the acquisition should be UG-bound.
The participants comprised 103 English-majored students at various English levels. The research design was a quantitative case study with the employment of an Acceptability Judgment Test and Minitab 19 software for data analysis. The findings of the study have revealed that the L2 learners participating in the study clearly showed their implicit knowledge of constraints on wh-movement in English. In addition, the higher the language proficiency is, the more likely an L2 learner is to have acquired the implicit knowledge of constraints on wh-movement in English.
In the study, those above B2 level provided strong evidence that they have acquired the structures investigated. Plus, L2 learners’ interlanguage grammar was not identical to native speakers’ grammar but it differed in several aspects. This was due to the effect of L1 transfer and intriguingly enough, L2 learners were able to devise their own rules in interlanguage grammar, which was neither L1’s nor L2’s. Lastly, pedagogical implications were withdrawn in order to encourage implicit learning among L2 learners and implicit instruction among EFL teachers in tandem with traditional explicit instruction.
Key terms: implicit knowledge, Universal Grammar, L2 learners, constraints on wh-movement, interlanguage grammar. xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Background to the study Han and Ellis (1998) define implicit knowledge as “knowledge of language”. Differing from explicit knowledge, which is breakable into analyzed knowledge and metalanguage, implicit second language (L2) knowledge is manifested through naturally occurring language behavior and can hardly be accessed apart from this behavior (Bialystok, 1990).
In addition to that, Ellis (2009) proposes that implicit knowledge is intuitive and tacit: a learner may feel intuitive that one sentence is unacceptable but fail to verbalize the problems with it. Then, implicit knowledge has been a focus in SLA research besides explicit knowledge so as to provide evidence that L2 learners can both learn explicitly and implicitly. Take a look back in the history, since its early stages, L2 acquisition research has attended to the question whether there is an analogy between the first language (L1) and second language learning processes. Initially, researchers compared the utterances produced by L1 and L2 learners regarding structural similarities and differences (e., Dulay and Burt, 1974; Hakuta, 1976; Schumann, 1978).
Obviously, what actually interests L1 and L2 acquisition is not those explicit structural properties but the cognitive processes that learners go through. The analysis of utterances should act as a window into the mental processes of language acquisition. In the absence of theoretical frameworks, Chomsky (1980&1981) proposes a theory called Universal Grammar (UG) which is characterized by a system of principles with respect to the universal properties of natural languages. UG argues that there is a common mechanism for humans to acquire a language.
Specifically, by being exposed to the linguistic input of a language, humans are capable of generalizing its rules and learning how to create proper sentences or utterances. That is how a child learns L1 through interaction with his/her parents or family members. And there must be a definite set of mental structures that enable a child to acquire his/her mother tongue because if the rules are unlimited, one cannot master a language. Plus, those principles 1 are inherent and at an unconscious level (i., implicit knowledge), which explains why sometimes one can judge a sentence grammatical or ungrammatical but he/she cannot give thorough explanations.
Then, the question is whether L2 learners go through the same cognitive processes as L1 learners or whether L2 learners have access to UG. The UG-based research trend has long been in vogue in SLA. Then, Selinker (1972) proposes the concept of L2 learners’ interlanguage grammar or linguistic system produced by L2 learners while they are in the process of learning the target language. Interlanguage grammar belongs to neither L2 learners’ native language nor the target language.
And Selinker claims that L2 learners can never reach the grammar of native speakers. For SLA research, the next question is that whether L2 learners’ interlanguage grammar actually differs from the grammar of native speakers or standard grammar. In the context of Vietnam, in Barnard’s (2009), most Vietnamese EFL teachers agreed that grammar should be taught explicitly and students most benefit from teachers’ clear explanations.