Tài liệu tham khảo về định kiến giới tính và tầng lớp trong trò chơi trẻ em

Tài liệu nghiên cứu Tài liệu tiếng anh tham khảo luận văn chủ đề định kiến về giới tính và tầng lớp, tổng hợp lý thuyết và thực hành, cung cấp kiến thức chuyên sâu về .

Trường đại học

Universidad de Córdoba

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

master’s thesis

2021

76
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

1. CHƯƠNG 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Statement of Problem

1.2. Purpose of the study

1.3. Definition of terms

2. CHƯƠNG 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. Statement of the research problem

2.2. Children’s development of gender, concepts of social class, ethnicity and race

2.3. Children’s playmate preferences on the basis of gender, social class, ethnicity and race

2.4. Children’s toy preferences

2.5. Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination of adults, regarding children’s play and toys

2.6. The relationship between parental and children’s prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination in children’s play based on social groups

3. CHƯƠNG 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND TOOLS

4. CHƯƠNG 4: VIETNAMESE PARENTS’ PREJUDICE, STEREOTYPES, DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF GENDER AND SOCIAL CLASS REGARDING THEIR CHILDREN’S PLAY

4.1. Validation of the scale

4.2. Differences among different groups

5. CHƯƠNG 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

GLOSSARY

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

Vietnamese children’s play and parents’ prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination on the basis of gender and social classes: A quantitative study by Tú Anh Hà A Master’s Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degree Play, Education, Toys and Languages (PETaL EMJMD) Universidad de Córdoba 2021 Approved by _____________________________________________ (Supervisor) Date ___________________________________________________ I hereby confirm that this Master Thesis has undergone review by antiplagiarism software. UNIVERSIDAD DE CÓRDOBA ABSTRACT Vietnamese children’s play and parents’ prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination on the basis of gender and social classes: A quantitative study by Tú Anh Hà This study aims to explore parents’ prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination towards their children’s play on the basis of social classes and gender, applying a Likert scale ‘Parents’ prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination towards their children’s play, based on gender and social classes’ (PPSD) with 760 Vietnamese parents inhabiting in the country. The Likert scale was built, applying the Delphi method and analysed with Cronbach alpha test and Factor Analysis in order to validate the measurement tool. After that, Descriptive Analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test and Man Whitney U test were utilised to analyse the impact of key factors such as gender, education, income, living areas on parents’ prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination towards their children’s play. Results show that parents somewhat disagreed with the statements expressing dislike to accents and dialects of children from other social groups. However, they did not show consistency in their dislike towards behaviours and ways of speaking of children from other social classes, in which while some parents agreed, others did not. Although parents were not quite sure if they could accept the values and thoughts of children from other social groups, they quite avoided negative stereotypes as well as discrimination against them. Regarding gender, the study found out that although parents were inconsistent in their affection of children’s cross-sex play and the fact that their children like playing with toys associated with the opposite gender, they were consistent in their thinking of solidifying their children’s gender attributes through gender-specific toys. Especially, they reached agreement in their action of orientating children’s gender through children’s play and toys which need to be gender-appropriate. In addition, the study also reported that gender, education, living areas and income affect parents’ prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination towards their children’s play, based on social class and gender. Keywords: Play, stereotypes, parents, children, Vietnam. Highlights:  People with higher education, especially post-graduate levels and high income, tended to give neutral opinions for statements expressing prejudice and stereotypes towards children’s toys and playmates, based on gender. On the contrary, people with lower education and lower income (middle and low income) were likely to slightly agree with those statements.  In comparison to parents living in suburban and rural areas who somewhat agreed with statements expressing prejudice and stereotypes towards children’s toys and playmates based on gender, parents living in cities seemed to show less approval.  All groups of parents living in different areas were likely to disagree with statements expressing negative stereotypes about children’s attributes of other social classes. However, urban residents were stronger in their disagreement in comparison to parents living in rural areas.  Parents living in urban, suburban and rural areas agreed to guide their children’s play in a typical manner to their children’s gender but parents from remote areas with difficulties of access only showed slight agreement.  Females tended to show agreement with the attitude of being worried towards a specific gender of their children (either female or male) regarding their choice of toys (‘girl toys’ or ‘boy toys’) and playmates (same sex or the other sex) as well as dislike the influence of the other gendered playmate on their children’s way of speaking. However, males tended to choose ‘neutral’ options. Elena Gómez-Parra Department of English A Master’s Thesis presented on Play and intercultural education in early childhood in the framework of the Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degree Play, Education, Toys and Languages (PETaL EMJMD).i List of figures and tables .iv Chapter 1: Introduction . Statement of Problem . Purpose of the study . Definition of terms .2 Chapter 2: Theoretical framework . Statement of the research problem .3 Children’s development of gender, concepts of social class, ethnicity and race .4 Children’s playmate preferences on the basis of gender, social class, ethnicity and race .5 Children’s toy preferences .6 Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination of adults, regarding children’s play and toys .7 The relationship between parental and children’s prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination in children’s play based on social groups . Research design and tools. Validation of the scale . Vietnamese parents’ prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination on the basis of gender and social class regarding their children’s play.2 Differences among different groups .40 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusions .61 i LIST OF FIGURES Number Page Figure 1: Methodology Procedure .32 Figure 2: New dimensions of the scale with their corresponding items .36 Figure 3: Differences among different groups of parents based on their education, regarding their attitudes towards children’s toys and playmates, based on gender (dimension 5).42 Figure 4: Differences among different groups of parents based on their income, regarding their attitudes towards children’s toys and playmates, based on gender (dimension 5).44 Figure 5: Differences among different groups of parents based on their living areas, regarding their beliefs of children’s attributes based on their social class (dimension 3).46 Figure 6: Differences among different groups of parents based on their living areas, regarding their attitudes towards children’s toys and playmates (dimension 5).47 Figure 7: Differences among different groups of parents based on their living areas, regarding their orientation towards their children’s toys and play, based on gender (dimension 6).48 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Descriptive information of Vietnamese parents’ background .30 Table 2: Reliability test for the first sample with new dimensions formed .34 Table 3: Fit indices and other fit measures of the scale .35 Table 4: Reliability test for the second sample with new dimensions formed .36 Table 5: Descriptive Statistics of data collected .37 Table 6: Descriptive analysis for dimension 4 with two groups of gender .41 Table 7: Descriptive analysis for different groups of education levels, regarding their attitudes towards children’s toys and playmates, based on gender (dimension 5).43 Table 8: Descriptive analysis for different groups of income, regarding their attitudes towards children’s toys and playmates, based on gender (dimension 5) 45 Table 9: Descriptive analysis for different groups of living areas, regarding beliefs of children’s attributes based on their social class (dimension 3) .46 Table 10: Descriptive analysis for different groups of living areas, regarding their attitudes towards children’s toys and playmates (dimension 5).48 Table 11: Descriptive analysis for different groups of living areas, regarding orientation towards their children’s toys and play, based on gender (dimension 6).49 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express sincere appreciation to Professor Maria Elena Gómez Parra for her assistance and kind instruction in the preparation of this manuscript. In addition, special thanks to Mr. Alan Dean (Burning2learn UK), whose wisdom, love and care for education and humans actually inspired the author, your spirit always remains. Thanks my strong mom for letting your daughter go that far in the time of uncertainty and the crazy covid pandemic. Thanks family and friends (Giang, Ái Phương, Thùy, Thúy Huyền, Thùy Dzung, Theresa, Giovanna, Hanane, Albina, Citlally, Sara and PETaLitos’ family) for your care and support. Thanks professors Elena, Dalila and Esra for your warmth and for organising interesting courses which become part of the thesis. iv GLOSSARY Discrimination: negative treatment of people based on group membership. Gender segregation: the separation of children into groups of the same-gender or the same-sex. Gender preference: individual taste or tendency of choosing playmates, partners based on gender. Gender typing process: the process of acquiring a set of behaviours, interests and personality traits which are more typical for their own sex. Prejudice: an affective reaction or evaluative judgment of people from a social group, such as gender, ethnicity, etc. Social class: a group of people sharing the same status in the society, based on their education, cultural and socio-economic backgrounds. Stereotype: a belief about the features of members of a social group, such as gender, ethnicity, etc. Statement of Problem Children spend a great amount of time playing. Through play, they explore the world around themselves, discover their instincts, form survival skills and knowledge, and step by step build relationships with other people. Play, therefore, plays an imperative role in children’s development (Froebel, 1885; Montessori, 1995; Piaget, 1951). Mentioning play also refers to a play environment which is the condition that can either support or impede and pose a threat to children’s play (Kyttä, 2004). We are living in the world of globalization. However, discrimination based on gender, sociocultural and economic backgrounds is still a chronic issue. This happens not only in adulthood but also in childhood, which can impact children's development negatively. Children are not born with discrimination or bias. However, the environment and teachings of adults can contribute to their prejudice and stereotypes which can lead to bad treatment against a specific group of people. Family or parents, the first environment that children contact and access, impact children’s understanding of the world as well as their behaviours and characteristics. From the aforementioned reasons, it is necessary to investigate parents’ prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination towards their children’s play on the basis of gender and social classes in order to propose educational solutions for a more cohesive society. This objective is necessary, especially in the context of Vietnam – a multicultural country experiencing painful division throughout its history, with 54 distinct ethnic groups being influenced by different philosophies and religions living together (McCann Cargile et al., 2004; Phung et al. With this purpose, the research questions and hypotheses of this study are the following: ● Research question 1: Do Vietnamese parents have prejudice and stereotypes on the basis of gender, dialects and accents, as well as social class, regarding their children’s play? ● Hypothesis 1: Vietnamese parents do have prejudice and stereotypes on the basis of gender, dialects and accents, as well as social class, regarding their children’s play. 1 ● Research question 2: Are there any differences among different groups of participants regarding their education, living areas, income, and gender on their prejudice and stereotypes involving their children’s play? ● Hypothesis 2: There are differences among different groups of participants regarding their education, living areas, income and gender on their prejudice and stereotypes involving their children’s play. Purpose of the study The study aims to investigate Vietnamese parents’ attitudes towards their children’s play, including toys and playmates, on the basis of gender, dialects and accents and social class, as well as to explore if their attitudes are impacted by some social factors, such as, education, living areas, income and gender. In order to achieve the aim, the study points at building and validating a scale as a measurement tool to evaluate parents’ prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination towards their children’s play, based on gender, dialects and accents and social class. Definition of terms The concepts of stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination in children’s play and toys of this study are based on the concept of racism of Clark et al. According to Mckown (2004), a stereotype is perceived as a belief about the feature of members of a racial group; a prejudice is believed as an affective reaction or evaluative judgment of people from a specific racial group; and discrimination is explained as negative treatment of people based on group membership. Similar to Mckown (2004), Locke and Johnston (2001) defined stereotypes as mental representations of social groups and their members which include both positive and negative features and traits as well as expectations of behaviours of the groups’ members. Stereotypes are the way the mind applies to simplify and understand the social world. They exist due to the fact that they help each individual save effort to deal with a great amount of information in everyday life.

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