UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONEY SUPPLY, INFLATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN VIETNAM BY NGUYỄN TRỌNG TÍN MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONEY SUPPLY, INFLATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN VIETNAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ART IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By NGUYỄN TRỌNG TÍN Academic Supervisor: Assoc. NGUYỄN VĂN NGÃI HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Declaration “This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economic to Vietnam - The Netherlands Programme. I certify that the thesis has not already been submitted for any degree. To the best of my knowledge, the thesis comprises only my original work.
All sources used have been cited and acknowledged in the thesis.” Nguyễn Trọng Tín i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Acknowledgement I would like to express my deep gratitude to my academic supervisor, Assoc. Nguyễn Văn Ngãi for his advices and helpful comments in this thesis. My dearest thanks to Assoc. Nguyễn Trọng Hoài and Dr Phạm Khánh Nam, who gave me many profound comments when this thesis was just in form of ideas.
My special thanks to Dr Nguyễn Hoàng Bảo and Dr Phùng Thanh Bình, I would not complete this thesis without their support in term of econometric techniques. I would like to thank to all lecturers and staffs at the Vietnam – Netherlands Programme for their knowledge and patience during the period I studied at the program. Finally, I would like to thank to my family, close friends, colleagues for their love and everything they gave me in life. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of Abbreviations ADF Augmented Dickey-Fuller AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion AS-AD Aggregate Demand – Aggregate Supply model CPI Consumer Price Index ECT Error Correction Term GDP Gross Domestic Product GSO General Statistic Office HQ Hannan-Quinn information criterion IFS International Finance Statistic LR Likelihood ratio test M2 Broad money PP Phillips and Perron SIC Schwarz’s Information Criterion VECM Vector Error Correction Model iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Abstract This study analyzes the causal relationships between money supply, inflation and economic growth in Vietnam in the period of 1999Q2 – 2012Q3.
Quarterly macroeconomic data were collected from IFS and GSO. The thesis employs the Granger test in the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) environment to find the Granger causal nexus of three variables for both in short run and long run. There is one cointegration was found from Johansen’s test for co- integration. The results show that there is a bidirectional relationship between economic growth and inflation for both in the short run and long run, and there are two unidirectional causalities from money supply to growth and inflation.
However, there is no evidence for the effectiveness of monetary policy in the short run. Keywords: Johansen cointegration test, Granger causality, VECM, money supply, inflation, economic growth iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration. ii List of abbreviations. iv Table of contents .v List of tables.
viii List of figures. ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Scope of the study and methodology. Organization of the thesis.5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Theories about the Inflation – Economic growth relationship. Theories about the Inflation – Money supply relationship. Theories about the Money supply – Economic growth relationship. 11 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
17 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, MODEL SPECIFICATION AND DATA SOURCES. Stationary and Unit root tests. Johansen’s test for Cointegration. Granger Causality Test.
Impulse response functions. 30 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. An overview of inflation, money supply and economic growth in Vietnam from 1995 to 2012. Unit root testing.
Estimation optimal lag for the model. Johansen cointegration test. Causality test for the long-run and short-run effect. 45 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Comparing with previous studies. 48 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS.3 Limitation and Further studies. 59 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: ADF and PP unit root tests on level time series .2: ADF and PP unit root tests on first difference series .3: Lag order selection of VAR (p) process .4: Johansen’s cointegration test with 4 lags .5: Inflation equation in VECM model.6: Money supply equation in VECM model .7: Growth equation in VECM model .8: Granger causality test base on VECM. 47 viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: AS-AD model in the short-run .2: AS-AD model in the long-run .3: AS-AD model in the very long-run .4: The causal relationship between Inflation, Money supply and Economic Growth in theories .5: The conceptual framework of this study .1: Inflation in Vietnam during the periods from 1986 to 1995 .2: Inflation in Vietnam during the periods from 1996 to 2012 .3: Broad money growth (M2) in Vietnam from 1996 to 2012 .4: Correlation between Inflation at year t and Growth rate of Money supply at year t-1 in Vietnam from 1996 to 2012 .5: Economic growth (GDP) in Vietnam from 1990 to 2012 .6: The causal relationship between inflation, money supply and economic growth in the short-run .7: The causal relationship between inflation, money supply and economic growth in the long-run .8: Response of inflation and economic growth to money supply .9: Response of economic growth and money supply to inflation .10: Response of inflation and money supply to economic growth.
47 ix LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, I will explain the motivation for doing this thesis and the importance of the research problem. Research objectives and research questions are discussed in detail. The scope of the study will be introduced in this section. Finally, the organization of the thesis will be presented.1 Problem statement Economic growth and price stability have been the most important goals of macroeconomics in recent years.
However, these goals are not easy to implement in practice. An appropriate increase in money supply can generate growth (Tobin, 1965; Bernanke and Gertler, 1995; Levine, 1997), but an improper expansion in money supply might lead to inflation (Friedman, 1963; Tobin, 1970). Accordingly, high inflation rate would cause many negative impacts on economic growth (Fischer, 1993; Barro, 1995; and De Gregorio, 1996). Nowadays, many economists agree with the view that low inflation is better for the process of economic development.
That is why governments often want to keep inflation at low and stable rates, although sometimes there is a trade-off between inflation targets and growth objectives. Therefore, an effective monetary policy founded on deep understanding about dynamic relationship between money supply, inflation and economic growth is one of the fundamental conditions for sustainable growth and macroeconomic stability. In particular, the relationship between growth and inflation, money supply and economic growth, money supply and inflation have attracted attention and research efforts of economists as well as concerns of policy makers all over the world. However, the problem has not been fully settled and has still been in intense controversy.
As a result, there exist many mixed, opposing opinions on 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com these issues, both in theoretical and empirical studies. Especially after the global financial crisis, the instability of the world economy leads to the diminishing growth rate and increasing inflation over numerous nations. In many countries, the governments accept the high inflation in exchange for high growth rate, especially in developing countries, such as China (Lin and Yunhui, 2005; Xie et al, 2009). In many years, China has achieved high economic growth by easing the monetary policy in which money has been used to finance development projects.
Thus, the money supply is also the cause of high inflation in China recent year. Lin and Yunhui (2005) also proposed that money supply and economic growth boost each other in the long-run, but inflation. Besides, some countries suffer high inflation with very small growth rate. An example is the case of Latin America countries in the period 1970-1980.
With their development of financial system in that period, high inflation rate led to negative effects on the economy and then significantly reduced growth rate (De Gregorior and Guidotti, 1995). Moreover, some countries print money to finance the development of infrastructure projects without serious consideration of potential long-term harmful consequences. The results indicate that the relation of money supply, inflation and economic growth is mixed. Although there have been many research works in theoretical, domain including research on each pair of variables such as money supply and economic growth, money supply and inflation, inflation and economic growth; and also simultaneously all three variables, but all these theories still can not explain the empirical results to the full extent.
Overall, this is one of the most dynamic research areas in macroeconomics. The obtained results were different from country to country, from region to region, and from time to time. In such studies, researchers often use VAR model or VECM model to examine the interaction between each macro variables to the other, for both long-run and short-run effect. 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com It is necessary to study carefully the causal relationship between the inflation, money supply and economic growth for the case of Vietnam to solve many important macroeconomic issues such as the stabilization of the macro-economy, the control of inflation or the increase of money supply with sustainable development.
In which case, we should increase money to generate economic growth without concern about increasing inflation. The economy of Vietnam has achieved impressive growth in recent years, at the average rate of 7.52% per year in the period from 1990 to 2007 and 5.87% during the period from 2008 to 2012, but it has showed signs of slowing down in the latest years. Many economists believe that Vietnam would not be able to achieve high growth rates as before. It seems that the existing monetary policy is gradually losing effectiveness in promoting growth and controlling inflation.
Particularly, inflation was high and dramatically fluctuated during 2008-2012. Although the causal relationship between inflation, money supply and economic growth plays a significant role, there is a severe lack of research work on this field for Vietnam economy. Furthermore, there exist many limitations in previous studies. The study of Hoang (2010) showed the relationship between monetary policy to price level and output, but the results were still only at low levels.
Carmen (2006) studied the volatility of inflation through external factors. Bui (2011) focused on the impact of monetary policy on inflation in Vietnam. In addition, there are few other studies on the relationship between inflation, money supply and growth in Vietnam. However, these studies did not consider all three variables simultaneously, or did not indicate a causal relationship between these variables.
Recently, in Vo (2013), the author investigated the causal relationship between money supply, inflation and economic growth in Vietnam. The results showed that the money supply has an impact on growth and inflation in Vietnam. However, it was based on unrestricted VAR model, which only captures the effect of monetary policy on inflation and growth in the short run, without addressing the relationships in the long term. Similar to many previous 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com studies, Vo (2013) used the percentage change of real industrial output as a proxy for growth.