VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY HO NGOC NAM ATOMISTICALLY KINEMATIC SIMULATIONS OF CARBON DIFFUSION IN α-IRON WITH POINT DEFECTS MASTER’S THESIS Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY HO NGOC NAM ATOMISTICALLY KINEMATIC SIMULATIONS OF CARBON DIFFUSION IN α-IRON WITH POINT DEFECTS MAJOR: NANOTECHNOLOGY CODE: PILOT RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Prof. YOJI SHIBUTANI Dr. NGUYEN TIEN QUANG Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENT To accomplish this thesis, I have received great support, helpful advice, and guidance from respectful professors, lecturers, researchers, and staff in Vietnam Japan University and Osaka University. I would like to express my gratefulness to my supervisors, Prof.
Yoji Shibutani and Dr. Nguyen Tien Quang for supplying great researching environments in laboratories, and for giving helpful instructions, guidance, advice, and inspirations during my master course. Finally, I am thankful to my family for the support, companion, and mobilization, which is an essential element for me to finish the thesis. Hanoi, 10 June 2019 Student HO NGOC NAM LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
i LIST OF FIGURES. i LIST OF TABLES. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .55 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF PUBLISCATIONS .63 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.
The relation between elongation (ductility) and tensile strength in low carbon steel for general applications [4]. Phase diagram of iron-carbon alloy by different carbon content [19]. Simulation picture of typical defects in iron-carbon alloy. Reaction energy diagram as a function of reaction coordinate q for an isomerization reaction [37].
Illustration of finding the minimum energy path by NEB. Each image on the chain of the system is connected by spring forces which located along the minimum energy line between two minimum energy points [44]. Decomposition of force on an image [38]. Contour plot of the potential energy surface for an energy-barrier- limited infrequent-event system.
After many vibrational periods, the trajectory finds a way out of the initial basin, passing a ridgetop into a new state. The dots indicate saddle points [45].5 the transition of atom when diffusing from the state (i) to the state (j) by crossing the energy barrier E m [44].6 The K-th transition is chosen because its assigned value of s(K) intercepts r2 i [44].1 Positions 1, 2 of carbon correspond to O site, and 3 corresponds to T site .2: Positions carbon is adopted in iron system. Configurations of BCC iron structure in case of two carbons.4: Configurations of BCC iron structure in case of three carbons.5: Configurations of BCC iron structure in case four carbons. Energy landscape (a, b) and energy contour line (c, d) of iron-carbon system in case of vacancy/without vacancy is created by [010] and [001] directions.7: The change position and angle of iron atoms around carbon atom, which is doped between two iron atoms lead to relaxing configuration.8 Binding energy of carbon-vacancy is calculated by DFT calculation and MD method in case 1V-1C.9: Configuration 3 after optimized in case 2 carbon atoms.
Configuration 3 after optimized. The most stable configuration in case 4 carbon atoms in iron .37 i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Trapping energy is calculated in two ways: “sequential” way (blue line) and “simultaneous” way (red line). Minimum energy paths of carbon in case 1C by two possible ways.
Eight diffusion paths of 2nd carbon around vacancy in case of 2 carbon atoms. Minimum energy paths of carbon in case 2C. Seven diffusion paths of the 3rd carbon atom around the vacancy in case of 3 carbon atoms. Minimum energy paths of carbon in case 3C.
Jumping rate in case of 1, 2 and 3 carbon atoms as an inverse function of temperature. Diffusion coefficient vs. temperature in 2 cases: perfect case and vacancy case.53 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Different phases of steel based on carbon content [23].
Configuration of system when carbon is adopted in position 1, 2, 3. The binding energy between vacancy-carbon at position P1 to P7 for both size 3x3x3/8x8x8 was calculated with the consideration of the distance. Binding energy at P1 by DFT method from some authors is collected for system size 3x3x3 and 4x4x4.4: Binding energy from MD and DFT method (for size 3x3x3) is computed for seven configurations. Position of carbon atoms before and after optimized.
The binding energy of seven configurations in case of 4 carbons .7: Position of carbon atoms before and after optimized in case 3C.8: Binding energy of 7 configurations in case 4 carbon atoms .9: The change position of 4 carbon in configuration 4 after optimized. Relaxation configurations in two carbon case. Comparison between two durable configurations of two carbon atoms in perfect and vacancy case. Relaxation configurations in three carbon case.
Comparison between two stable configurations of three carbon atoms in perfect and vacancy case. Mean square displacement of carbon atom vs time of some temperatures in both case: perfect case and vacancy case by kMC.52 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Description ABOP Analytic Bond-order Potential BCC Body-Centered Cubic DFT Density Functional Theory MD Molecular Dynamics MEP Minimum energy path kMC Kinetic Monte Carlo FDM Finite Different Method CI-NEB Climbing image – Nudged Elastic Band O-site Octahedral site T-site Tetragonal site TST Transition State Theory LAMMPS Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, along with the steady development of science and technology, the achievements in scientific research are increasingly contributing to society, especially in the field of nanotechnology. Research, development, and application of potential and unique properties from nanoscale materials have brought many improvements and breakthroughs compared to previous traditional materials [15].
The field of computational materials science is considered as one of the areas of top concern in material science today [9]. Calculations are implemented based on the theoretical foundations, which apply to specific subjects under the simulation process supported by modern computer systems, acting as useful tools in describing, verifying, predicting the rules, physical phenomena occurring inside objects and between objects. The development process of computational science is an essential and inseparable part of the practical application in industry. In particular, the calculation related to iron-carbon alloys is a good example and plays a crucial role in the development of the steel industry.
Until now, the steel industry has an extraordinary development, which can be divided into three main generations. The first generation - Conventional low carbon steels can be mentioned as high strength low-alloy products (HSLA) steels, advanced high strength steels (AHSS), IF (Interstitial Free), DP (Dual Phase) or so-called TRIP / TWIP (Transformation or Twinning Induced Plasticity), etc. is incredibly famous and widely used steel generation today [4]. The second generation - Austenitic-Based Steels has been developed, and the third generation is still being researched and developed.
For different generations, superiorities and disadvantages still exist not only on mechanical properties but also on product costs. Therefore, the main goal of this third-generation material system is to continue to improve the desired mechanical 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com properties while cutting the costs and enhancing the connectivity of materials compared to previous generations. The relation between elongation (ductility) and tensile strength in low carbon steel for general applications [4] Overview of iron-carbon alloy With its long history of development, steel is still one of the most widely used materials in our modern world [24], and it can be seen that steel is present in most buildings from small houses to skyscrapers, roads, and bridges. The reason for this material becoming popular and preferable comes from its characteristics.
The versatility, durability, and strength of steel can meet requirements as well as applications for a variety of purposes, and it is also an affordable and environmentally friendly option [5]. Research on steel is still an exciting field that scientists, especially in material science, are interested in improving the properties of this traditional material. 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Phase diagram of iron-carbon alloy by different carbon content [19].
Different phases of steel based on carbon content [23]. Temperature Phase Term Structure Notes Conditions -Fe Ferrite BCC T < 922.50C Solubility is very low C is an "Austenite 911.50 C < T - Fe - Ferrite FCC stabilizer": add C, < 13960C field widens 13920 C< T Dissolve as much as δ - Fe δ – Ferrite BCC <15360 C 0.08% of carbon Hard ceramic, lower Fe3C Cementite Orthorhombic nucleation barrier than for graphite Fe-C solid Metastable, formed Martensite BCT solution by quenching 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Based on the structure of pure iron and steel, it is easy to see that these are similar structural materials. The most significant and vital difference comes from the occurrence of carbon impurity concentrations in the system. More specifically, when the carbon concentration in the alloy of iron exceeds the 2.1wt% threshold, the alloy is considered as cast iron, which is very hard and also very brittle.
In the case of carbon concentration less than 0.08wt%, it becomes softer when compared to cast iron, but its ability as incurvation or distortion was better without breaking, which is necessary to play a role as a structural steel in the building. When carbon concentration is between 0.2wt% and 2wt%, the properties of steel become special thanks to the balance between hardness and ductility [36]. However, how to control both level and location of carbon in iron is the most challenging problem we faced. So, there is no denying that the history of the steel industry is defined based on carbon concentration control techniques.
The appearance of carbon atoms in the iron system even in small quantities is still thought to have a significant effect based on the energy and kinetic properties of the system. It can be seen that carbide formation comes from exceeding the limit of carbon solubility, which contributes significantly to improving the durability and hardness of metals as in steel. On the opposite side, when the carbon concentration in the system is below the solubility limit, the thermal and mechanical properties of the system can change significantly only by a minimal amount of carbon atoms (several tens of ppm) in interstitial sites or when they interact strongly with defects in steel [27]. The purpose and objectives of research The real lattice is not perfect but contains many types of defects, which can be referred to as vacancy, dislocation, or grain boundary [41].
While vacancy is well known as a typical case of point defect and also a simple case which we can consider. Study about the vacancy case in BCC structure of iron will help us understand clearly about the role and the effects of vacancy to the diffusion and clustering of carbon in iron matrix. 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Simulation picture of typical defects in iron-carbon alloy The cause of the interaction between carbon and metals has a tremendous scientific and technological interest which has essential effects on the yield stress and the sub- consequent mechanical properties and also a broad range of implications in the scope of material science [26].
Research on atomic carbon concentration dissolved in iron as well as its distribution and diffusion in iron plays a vital role in making a view insight of phenomena such as carbide precipitation, martensite aging, and ferrite transformation [31]. The restriction of system size when calculating using First principle method causes Molecular Dynamic (MD) to be a reasonable substitute for large systems [39]. However, the accuracy of MD simulations largely depends on the choice of interatomic potential. Recently, Nguyen et al.