i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE-STUDIES **************************************** NGÔ THỊ MINH TRANG CONDITIONAL CLAUSES USED AS HEDGING DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE (Mệnh đề điều kiện được sử dụng làm phương tiện rào đón trong tiếng Anh và tương đương của chúng trong tiếng Việt: nghiên cứu trên bình diện dụng học) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 60.15 HANOI – 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ii VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE-STUDIES **************************************** NGÔ THỊ MINH TRANG CONDITIONAL CLAUSES USED AS HEDGING DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE (Mệnh đề điều kiện được sử dụng làm phương tiện rào đón trong tiếng Anh và tương đương của chúng trong tiếng Việt: nghiên cứu trên bình diện dụng học) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 60. NGÔ HỮU HOÀNG HANOI – 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT .iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .iv LIST OF FIGURES.
Rationale of the Study. Objectives of the Study. Scope of the Study. Methods of the Study.
Introduction of the novella. Design of the Study .6 CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. The Concept of Hedging. Definitions of Hedge.
Forms of Hedges. Functions of Hedges .10 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Politeness and Face. Face Saving Acts versus Face Threatening Acts.
Grice‟s Cooperative Principle and Brown and Levinson‟s Politeness Theory. The Concept of Conditionals. Definition of Conditional Sentences.17 CHAPTER TWO: IF-HEDGING AND POLITENESS. If-hedging and Cooperative Principle.
If-hedging and Maxim of Quality. If-hedging and Maxim of Quantity. If-hedging and Maxim of Relation. If-hedging and Maxim of Manner.
If-hedging and Politeness Principle.24 CHAPTER THREE: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS. True Conditionals and Pseudo-Conditionals Occurrence Rate. Pragmatic functions of Pseudo-Conditionals in English and Vietnamese equivalents. Suggestions on teaching and learning English conditionals.
Suggestions on translating English conditionals.39 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART C: CONCLUSIONS. Suggestions for Further Study.I Appendix 1: English Conditionals .I Appendix 2: English Pseudo-Conditionals and Vietnamese Equivalents.VII vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EFL: English as a Foreign Language ELT: English Language Teaching FTA: Face Threatening Act FSA: Face Saving Act LIST OF FIGURES Table 3.1: The percentage of true conditionals and pseudo-conditionals Table 3.2: The number of true conditionals and pseudo-conditionals vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART A INTRODUCTION 1. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY Up to date, linguistics has followed logicians in analyzing conditional sentences in light of material implication. However, in spite of such a long period of theorization and application of various approaches, there has been no agreed-upon method of teaching English conditionals so far.
Some teachers teach conditional sentences and subjunctive mood side by side, some teachers teach them separately, and teachers use different ways to classify conditional sentences. Overall, current ELT coursebooks have essentially utilized the typology in Logic (real, counterfactual and hypothetical), which they term first, second and third types respectively, with the addition of two more types: zero and mixed. The vast majority of ELT materials provide information about the following aspects of conditional sentences: a. The tense-aspect marking of the main verbs in the If-clause and main clause.
The modal auxiliaries that can be used in each clause. The time reference of the conditional sentence (not of each clause). The user‟s attitude towards possibility. (Gabrielatos, 2003) Nevertheless, there has been considerable difference of opinion and much terminological confusion in the area of pragmatic functions.
Let consider the following examples: (1) If Squiggly knows the answer, he'll tell us. (2) If Squiggly knows the answer, he isn‟t saying. 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com In the sentence (1), the result clause “he'll tell us”- is dependent on the “if'- clause”. But this is not the case in the sentence (2) where “If-clauses” does not express a condition and result; but implies “Squiggly isn‟t saying anything, whether he knows the answer or not”.
And the same is true for the other examples which do not fit into the 1, 2, 3 system, for example: (3) If I may interrupt, when is the next train? (4) If you kindly allow me, I‟ll have a meeting with you in the evening. As can be seen, the If-clauses in the examples (3) and (4) are not dependent on the main clauses, and they could equally be expressed as a politeness marker used in speech act of requesting to avoid imposition on the hearer and mitigate the negative effect of refusals in communication. These so-called conditionals are also used in Vietnamese, causing a lot of confusing for learners to determine the type of conditionals: Nếu mai rảnh thì qua nhà tớ chơi nhé! Nếu không phiền, cậu nhặt hộ tớ mớ rau nha! Vietnamese, like English, has developed through usage; as the result, language patterns may refuse to be forced into a logically consistent mold. One of the reasons for the lack of appropriate system to categorize conditionals may be the inherent flexibility of the language itself.
In this case, teachers have to base on pragmatics‟ point of view to explain these so-called conditionals. Since conditional sentences are basic to the material of grammar and pragmatics, a detailed understanding of conditional sentences is vital for an accurate interpretation of its contents. In consideration of the importance of conditionals in teaching and learning English as well as the fact that limited research has been done to evaluate pragmatic functions of conditionals, especially in Vietnamese context, the researcher has decided to undertake the study entitled “Conditional Clauses Used as Hedges in English and Vietnamese Equivalents: a Pragmatic Perspective” in order to provide the more comprehensive analysis on conditionals regarding pragmatic point of view. 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study has been done in an effort to determine the pragmatic functions of conditionals in English and Vietnamese equivalents. Particularly, the study addresses the following primary objectives: 1. To distinguish the conditionals as hedging devices from true conditionals 2. To identify the pragmatic functions of If-hedging comparing to Vietnamese equivalents 3.
To suggest some implications for teaching, learning and translating English conditional sentences The researcher hopes that this study cannot only bring together the fields of conditionals in grammar and pragmatics but also propose guidelines for EFL teachers who wish to implement conditionals to enhance their students‟ language proficiency as well as communicative competence. Equally, this study is hoped to provide Vietnamese learners with the approaches of translating conditional sentences and some ways to help Vietnamese learners of English overcome the difficulties in translating conditional sentences. By carrying out this study, the researcher also hopes that conditionals can receive more attention and enjoy more popularity among linguistics researchers so that English education in Vietnam can actually equip students with communicative competence. SCOPE OF THE STUDY Due to the scope of a minor thesis, limited time and experience, it is impossible to cover all contrastive pragmatic matters.
Hence, this study just concentrates on pragmatic functions of If-clauses relating to the context in which If-clauses function as a politeness marker in a certain speech act. Also, the study explains pragmatic functions of If-clauses as a hedging device basing on Grice‟s Cooperative Principle and Brown and Levinson‟s Politeness Theory in consideration of FTA and FSA. Particularly, the pseudo-conditionals from the novella named The Little Princess are 3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com used as data in this study. Detailed analysis and comparative study requires much time and effort; therefore, semantic and syntactic theories are also employed at times to help better analyze conditionals in English and Vietnamese equivalents.
METHODS OF THE STUDY 4. Methods Such methods as descriptive, comparative and contrastive were employed to describe and analyze, to compare and contrast the database in order to explore similarities and differences in using English conditionals and Vietnamese equivalents. Obviously, descriptive method was utilized to provide in-depth and detailed description of conditionals in terms of pragmatics; whereas, comparative and contrastive method was used to give a comparison and contrast relevant to pragmatic properties of conditionals in English and Vietnamese equivalents. A qualitative approach was also conducted to discover meanings that emerge after careful documentation and thoughtful analysis for over approximately a five- month period.
The data were quantitatively converted into numeric patterns as the primary basis for organizing and reporting results. It concentrates on smaller but focused samples rather than large random samples. When studying the features of sentence patterns used, as a result of quantification, the researcher can look for recurring patterns emerging from the data. Introduction of the novella The Little Prince has been well-known all over the world because the novella has captured the hearts and minds of both children and adults.
Published by Harcourt in 1943 and 1971, Katherine Woods' straightforward and beautiful translation is the only one that does justice to The Little Prince. The novella is divided into 27 chapters, each of which varies in length from less than a page to a maximum of 3 or 4 pages, depending on the size of the edition read. While it presents itself primarily as a narrative in the style of a journal, the book actually contains what may be interpreted 4 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com as two distinct story lines: one involving the story of the little prince, the other involving the pilot/narrator. The researcher chooses The Little Prince in English by Katherine Woods (1971) and Vietnamese version by Nguyễn Tấn Đại (2001) as data to analyse because it is interesting and reliable to measure how often conditionals might occur in a well- known novel.
Significantly, novel as a fictional piece of prose usually in a narrative style should use a good language. Regardless of how it began, the novel has risen to prominence and remained one of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing; therefore, analysing novel can assist the study to meet the conditions on consideration of reliability and validity. Moreover, it is a nice and short text which is available online for anyone to check that the researcher has done this properly. DESIGN OF THE STUDY The thesis is divided into three parts as follows: The first part is the Introduction, which presents the basic information such as: rationale for the study, objectives of the study, scope of the study, research questions, methods, as well as design of the thesis.
The second part is the Development of the study, divided into three chapters: - Chapter 1 provides relevant theoretical background to this study. - Chapter 2 examines the pragmatic relation of If - hedging with Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle in English and Vietnamese. - Chapter 3 presents an analysis of the data as well as the interpretation of the results in order to attain the objectives of the study. The last part is the Conclusions which summarize what is addressed in the study, points out the limitations and provides some suggestions for further study.
5 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART B DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter provides the theoretical background of the thesis. It is divided into four main sections; section 1 discusses the concept of Hedging, section 2 presents Cooperative Principles, section 3 focuses on the Politeness Strategies, and section 4 deals with the concept of Conditionals. THE CONCEPT OF HEDGING 1. Definitions of Hedge Hedging has been a major concern of various viewpoints such as cross cultural comparisons, gender studies, translation studies, politeness theory, academic discourse and so on over the last twenty years.
In the literal sense, the term “hedge” and “hedging” expresses the idea of “barrier”, “limit”, “defence”, or the way used to protect or defend oneself. In the light of language, hedges have been defined in various ways based on their forms and functions.