MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYEN HUU HUAN BANK RESTRUCTURING AND BANK EFFICIENCY - THE CASE OF VIETNAM DOCTORAL THESIS IN ECONOMICS Ho Chi Minh City – 2019 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYEN HUU HUAN BANK RESTRUCTURING AND BANK EFFICIENCY - THE CASE OF VIETNAM Industry: Banking and Finance Industry ID: 93.201 DOCTORAL THESIS IN ECONOMICS Instructor: AsPro.Dr Tran Huy Hoang AsPro.Dr Vo Xuan Vinh Ho Chi Minh City – 2019 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I’m hereby declare that this submission is my own work and except where due reference is made; this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person(s). This thesis does not contain material extracted in the whole or in part from thesis or report presented for another degree of diploma in University of Economics Ho Chi Minh city or in any other education institution. Nguyen Huu Huan July 2019 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ii TABLE OF CONTENT STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. i LIST OF TABLES.
vi LIST OF FIGURES. ix TÓM TẮT LUẬN ÁN .2 MOTIVATIONS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS .1 The method of bank restructuring .2 The structure and performance relationship in the banking system .4 DATA AND METHODOLOGY .5 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS. Background knowledge about restructuring. The related hypothesis .22 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.
METHOD OF BANK RESTRUCTURING AND EFFICIENCY. The relationship between bank restructuring and efficiency. Bank restructuring methods and bank efficiency. THE STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP IN BANKING SYSTEM.
BANK RESTRUCTURING - THE CASE OF VIETNAM. INTRODUCTION OF THE BANKING SYSTEM- THE CASE OF VIETNAM. Introduction of the Bank Restructuring in Vietnam. Types of bank restructuring in Vietnam.
The change of bank ownership. Vietnam’s bank restructuring. M&A Domestic banks sections. Establishment of Asset Management Company.
Loosen room for foreign investors. DATA AND METHODOLOGY. DATA AND SAMPLE. METHODOLOGY FOR RQ1, RQ2.
Data Envelopment Analysis. The Three-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis .72 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. RQ1: The effect of restructuring methods on banking performance. RQ2: The effects of reform to structure and performance.
Variables and descriptive statistics. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS. EMPIRICAL RESULTS FOR RQ1. Stage 1: Initial results.
Stage 3: DEA results on adjusted data. EMPIRICAL RESULTS FOR RQ2. REVIEW OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES AND FINDINGS. RQ1: How restructuring measures, which were introduced as the government intervention, merger and acquisition of the commercial banks and privatization of the state-owned commercial banks, affect the performance of the commercial banks in the studied period?.
RQ2: What are the effects of reform on Vietnam's commercial bank structure and performance? .110 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS .125 APENDIX A - List of banks in the study .125 APPENDIX B - Model for testing the relationship of bank restructuring and efficiency .126 APPENDIX C - Model for testing on structure and performance.129 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Summary of the two research questions and their hypotheses .1: Types of bank in 2003-2007 .2: Joint stock commercial bank after 2007 .3: The operational status of state bank before and after privatization .4: Banks self-restructured successfully .5: Result after banking restructuring.6: M&A of Vietnamese banks .7: Result after banking after the merger of the authorized capital.8: Banking bond and bad debt statement in 2013 and 2014 .1: Restructuring measures of Vietnamese banks .2: The control variables include six country specific factors and bank characteristic.3: Variables and definition in using model of testing structure and performance of banking system. Descriptive statistics of step 1 and step 3 DEA’s variables .5: Variables used to estimate the structure-performance interaction.1: SFA regression step 2 .2: Condition numbers - testing for multicollinearity .3: Hausman test results .4: Market-power vs.5: Necessary condition estimation for ES hypothesis in stage 1 .6: The quiet life hypothesis-estimation .103 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3. Result after the merger of the authorized capital………………………55 Figure 3.
Result after banking consolidation and merger in 2015………………. Average banking efficiency scores in step 1 and step 3 DEA. The comparing of performances between non-restructured banks and restructured banks). 92 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com viii ABBREVIATION 2SLS: Two-stage least squares CBs: Commercial banks DEA: Data Envelopment Analysis DMU: Decision unit ESS: Scale-efficiency hypothesis ESX: X-efficiency hypothesis GLS: Generalized least squares IMF: International monetary fund NPL: Non performing loan OLS: Ordinary Least Square QLH: Quiet-life hypothesis RMP: Relative market power ROA: Return on asset ROE: Return on Equity RQ1: Research question 1 RQ2: Research question 2 SBV: State Bank of Vietnam SCP: Structure, Conduct and Performance paradigm SEFF: Scale-efficient hypothesis SFA: Stochastic Frontier Analysis VAMC: Vietnam Asset Management Company XEFF: X-Efficiency TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ix ABSTRACT The relationship between bank restructuring and bank efficiency is an attractive area that attracts a lot of attention from both academic and industry practitioners.
Vietnam offers an interesting case to analyse this link, however, this problem remains unexplored. This thesis investigates the association between bank restructuring and bank efficiency in Vietnamese banking system. The thesis uses the Data Envelope Approach and the Stochastic Frontier approach. Our sample of data includes 26 commercial banks for the period 1999-2015.
The finding indicates that the government's restructuring policies in the first phase the government's restructuring policy did not benefit the banks implementing the restructuring methods. As for the effect of different restructuring methods, the privatization of state-owned commercial banks, state intervention and mergers and acquisitions (M&As) do not substantially improve efficiency. Moreover, it appears that bank efficiency is declining during the restructuring period not only because of transition costs, but also because of changes in other environmental variables, such as financial crisis or the slowdown in the domestic economy. The thesis contributes to the banking literature by examining the allocative and technical efficiency of Vietnamese banking system in the recent period (2001- 2015).
This shows that reducing government control over the banking system makes the system more competitive. On the other hand, it makes domestic banks more vulnerable to competitive factors and effects of the global crisis. Due to the thesis, the results of the advantage indicated are the keys to finding better solutions for the restructuring of the banking system. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider the privatization rate to create the restructuring theory from the privatization of state- owned commercial banks.
The thesis has significant political implications. Bank restructuring is an important program for emerging countries to build a prudential financial system. Evaluating the relationship between restructuring program and bank efficiency is important in order to successfully implement government policy. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com x TÓM TẮT LUẬN ÁN Mối quan hệ giữa tái cấu trúc ngân hàng và hiệu quả hoạt động của ngân hàng luôn là mối quan tâm lớn của cả các nhà khoa học lẫn các doanh nghiệp và các nhà làm chính sách.
Chính vì thế, việc đánh giá mối quan hệ này và đo lường tính hiệu quả của quá trình tái cấu trúc hệ thống Ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam trong thời gian qua là một yê cầu bức thiết. Luận án nghiên cứu về mối quan hệ giữa các biện pháp tái cấu trúc hệ thống NHTM và quá trình tái cấu trúc ngân hàng thương mại tác động đến hiệu quả hoạt động của các ngân hàng cũng như toàn bộ hệ thống NHTM ở Việt Nam, một nền kinh tế mở nhỏ và đang trong quá trình chuyển đổi để hội nhập. Luận án sử dụng các phương pháp DEA, SFA, Random effect, Fixed effect, 2SLS để nghiên cứu 26 NHTM Việt Nam trong khaong3 thời gian từ năm 1999 đến năm 2015. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, các biện pháp và quá trình tái cấu trúc NHTM ở Việt Nam chưa thực sự mang lại hiệu quả, vì còn mang tính hình thức và các biện pháp vẫn chưa quyết liệt.
Luận án đã bổ sung thêm vào lý thuyết tái cấu trúc NHTM ở các quốc gia có nền kinh tế mở nhỏ, trong đó chỉ ra rằng các quốc gia có nền kinh tế mở, nhỏ sẽ dễ bị tổn thương hơn trong quá trình tái cấu trúc, đồng thời việc lựa chọn thời điểm tái cấu trúc để hội nhập cũng là một vấn đề cần phải được xem xét thận trọng, vì nó có tác động lớn đến hiệu quả của việc tái cấu trúc. Tái cấu trúc ngân hàng là một chương trình quan trọng để các nước mới nổi xây dựng một hệ thống tài chính ổn định và bền vững. Do đó việc đánh giá sự liên kết giữa chương trình tái cấu trúc và hiệu quả ngân hàng là rất quan trọng để đạt được việc thực hiện thành công chính sách của chính phủ. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.1 OVERVIEW Banking system is a crucial factor that controls capital flows in the economy and contributes to promote economic and social development of the nation.
In more than sixty years of construction and development of four state-commercial banks, thirty joint-stock commercial banks, joint-venture banks and banks with 100% foreign capital, the banking system in Vietnam is gradually developing a perfect structure. In 2006, Vietnam joined WTO and started to open the market economy. Restructuring the banking system is a necessity in this time, stemming from the economic situation and the demands of the people. However, under the impact of the global financial crisis, Vietnam banking system soon faced with a number of risks and challenges to the daily evaluation of bank performance, which has deteriorated over the years as a consequence of profit slump, low credit growth, and rising bad debts.
Therefore, together with restructuring banking system to build a healthy economy, the central bank and commercial banks have been implementing measures to restructure the banking system to overcome these difficulties and improve the operational efficiency of the entire system and individual banks because of the impacts of 2008 global financial crisis. With the aim of assessing the situation to restructure the banking system in Vietnam in recent years, the subject is based on previous studies on the restructuring the banking system of other countries. The content of the specific research topic includes references of the previous studies on restructuring to build, to choose the model and the proposed research methodology; analyse the situation of Vietnam’s restructuring banking system through quantitative research models from which to propose recommendations and solutions to improve efficiency in the process of restructuring the banking system on a sustainable and effective basis. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 2 There is a close relationship between bank restructuring and efficiency.
It is proved through a number of researches in many economies in the world. With different restructuring measures, the results of the linkage between bank restructuring and efficiency may be positive or negative. The result depends on which kind of economy that country has, the status of that economy and what problems that economy suffered. A number of researches have proved that the association between bank restructuring and efficiency is positive; For example, after the banking restructuring, the bank efficiency in Turkey was significant improved (Zaim, 1995).
Accordingly, privatization is a good measure to increase banking efficiency; mergers and acquisitions also has positive effect on cost and profit efficiency. However, some other researchers said that the banking restructuring did not have any impact on the operating efficiency, it was suggested to even contribute to its fall; For example, Elyasiani and Mehdian (1995) indicated that the performance efficiency of the United States’ banks was unaffected after the banking restructuring.