VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ THÙY LINH APPLICATION OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS THEORY TO THE TEACHING OF WRITING TO STUDENTS AT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD PROGRAMME – ULIS – VNU (Áp dụng lý thuyết phân tích diễn ngôn vào việc giảng dạy môn viết cho sinh viên Nhiệm vụ chiến lược – ĐHNN- ĐHQGHN) MINOR M. THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60.10 Hanoi, December, 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ THÙY LINH APPLICATION OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS THEORY TO THE TEACHING OF WRITING TO STUDENTS AT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD PROGRAMME – ULIS – VNU (Áp dụng lý thuyết phân tích diễn ngôn vào việc giảng dạy môn viết cho sinh viên Nhiệm vụ chiến lược – ĐHNN- ĐHQGHN) MINOR M. THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60.10 Supervisor: Huynh Anh Tuan, PhD Hanoi, December, 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT Table of Contents Declaration. iii Table of content.
iv List of tables, figures and abbreviations. vi PART A: INTRODUCTION I. 7 PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW I. Definition of writing.
The importance of EFL writing. What makes good writing. Discourse and discourse analysis. Cohesion iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.
The concept of cohesion. Types of cohesion. 16 CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY 2. Data collection instruments.
Data collection procedure. 20 CHAPTER THREE: DATA ANALYSIS 3. Ways of evaluation. Problems related to cohesion and coherence competence ISP students have in writing.
Relationship between giving L2 learners explicit instruction in coherence -cohesion and the improvement of their writing proficiency. 34 PART C: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS I. Suggestions for further studies. 45 REFERENCES APPENDICES v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LISTS OF TABLES, FIGURES AND ABBREVIATIONS Lists of Tables Table 1: The researcher’s analytical scoring criteria Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for the group’s performance in the pre-test.
Table 3: Students’ pre-test and post-test results Table 4: Results of the Paired-Sample T-tests Lists of Figures Figure 1: Participants’ satisfaction with the course Figure 2: Participants’ overall evaluation of the course Lists of Abbreviations L1: first language L2: second language ISP: International Standard Programme ULIS: University of Languages and International Studies VNU: Vietnam National University vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION I. Rationale Writing is a fundamental component of English language learning. In the light of this fact, it is imperative that learners be taught and trained on the conventions of English writing, especially academic writing. Some of these conventions are cohesion and coherence.
Cohesion refers to “the grammatical and/ or lexical relationships between the different elements of a text” (Richard, Platt & Webb, 1985:45). Coherence refers to the relationships of ideas and the ability of those ideas to function together for the purpose of conveying the meaning (Mclinn, 1988:15). It has been noted by Magableh (1992) that English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners focus almost exclusively on the sentence level rather than the level of the whole discourse that is textual coherence. Most EFL learners feel that correct grammar is the only tool they depend on in writing English essays.
Therefore, they rely on what they have learned about grammar. However, according to Kies (1995) some EFL writings appear to be poor in coherence and in cohesion. Such writings may lack persuasiveness, satisfactory and logical connection of ideas. This problem can be attributed to the fact that learners know the grammar and lexical items of the language, but they are unaware of the mechanics of coherence and cohesion.
Maqableh (1992) claims that Arab EFL learners encounter serious problems when they write. These problems involve producing a coherent text and making the produced text cohesive. The focus on writing has been on generating grammatically correct sentences depending on the belief that grammar is the only requirement for learners. In recent years with the appearance of Halliday and Hasan (1976)’s book Cohesion in English, there has been a shift in focus among researchers from detecting EFL learners’ problems at the sentential level toward diagnosing problems at the inter-sentential level.
Hence, writing is now seen in terms of 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com cohesion and coherence. Khalil (1989:359) says “New concepts such as cohesion and coherence have identified as two major standards of textuality”. Halliday and Hasan (1976) consider the text as a unit of language in use. It has been noticed that some of writing features may be ignored by EFL learners.
Such features involve coherence and cohesion. Researchers point out three factors that could contribute to the weakness in writing. These factors are: 1- Language transfer. Different studies by Kapalan (1966), Tadros (1976) and Hole (1984) indicate that EFL learners transfer the conventions of their first language (L1) to their second language (L2); therefore, they show negative transfer.
Conner (1996:3) says “Students often mention that when they write in English, they translate, or attempt to translate, first language words, phrases or organization into English.” 2- Ignorance of the features of cohesion and coherence. Zhu (1992) states that EFL learners are usually unaware of the terms cohesion and coherence in writing. Thus, they have inadequate knowledge of cohesive devices that are necessary for making a text cohesive. Even if they have knowledge of these discourse markers, they do not use them appropriately.
This problem can be attributed to the fact that teachers at schools generally do not emphasize on such devices. 3- Lack of training: According to Kharma (1985), students are not well-trained in English writing. Normally, the focus is laid on the sentence level and in some cases the paragraph level. To sum up, it can be concluded that EFL learners encounter rhetorical problems especially in coherence and cohesion.
These problems can be attributed to many factors such as negative transfer, or rather nonexistence of certain features in the mother tongue. That is to say, many learners still do not have the adequate knowledge of using cohesive devices that are necessary for making a text cohesive. 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Although these problems have been realized by a lot of researchers, very few solutions have been suggested to improve EFL students’ writing quality, especially in terms of cohesion and coherence. This gap gives the researcher the desire to conduct this study.
Aims of the study The purpose of the study is to examine the real situation of the Vietnam National University (VNU) International Standard Programme (ISP) students’ writing skill, specifically in terms of their cohesion and coherence- related issues. It aims (1) to find out ISP students’ problems in terms of cohesion and coherence in their writing and (2) to provide some recommendations that could improve their writing through the experimental teaching of cohesion and coherence. Significance of the research It is hoped that this study will be contribute to the field of applied linguistics especially in EFL writing. It could act as a great help to not only students, teachers but also researchers working on relating issues.
This study aims at investigating ISP students’ problems in cohesion and coherence. Therefore, it can be a contribution for evaluating students’ writing competence in terms of cohesion and coherence. Besides, this study, to some extent, can help increase students’ awareness of the benefits of cohesion and coherence in their writing quality. The significance of this study can be stated that it will provide teaching implications for EFL teachers into the procedures and the teaching material to be used in dealing with cohesive devices and coherent elements.
Witte and Faigley (1981) indicated that cohesion and coherence research can help discover the developmental stages undergo in their writing process. In other words, this is significant for educators in providing implications for developing their essay writing syllabus, methods of teaching and assessment. 3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Lastly, this research can be used as a reference source for those who have interest in this issue and a supplement to the previous studies on cohesion and coherence problems.Scope of the research Field of the study: The writing issue is so broad and complicated that the researcher has no desire to cover all aspects of it. Within the frame of this thesis, the researcher would like to work on the problems of coherence and cohesion in students’ writing and make some useful suggestions to help students achieve greater competence in this skill.
Targeted subjects: The research is restricted to students at International Standard Program (ISP) – ULIS – VNU and it is confined to the analysis of cohesion and coherence written by 20 learners of group 9 in ISP. Research questions This survey aims at addressing the two following questions What problems related to cohesion and coherence competence do ISP students have in writing? Is there any relationship between giving L2 learners explicit instruction in coherence-cohesion and the improvement of their writing proficiency? V. Informants The target population of this research was from class 9 with 20 students at International Standard Programme (ISP), University of Language and International Studies (ULIS), Vietnam National University (VNU). Approach Action research was chosen as the primary research method as it meets the aim and objectives of the study.
This method is also justified to offer significant benefits for the researcher, who is also a teacher. Johnson (1995) pointed out three mains advantages of action research namely to promote personal and 4 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com professional growth, to improve practice to enhance student learning, and to advance the teacher profession. Data collection instruments and procedure Two data collection instruments were used in the study: tests and survey questionnaires. To be specific, two writing tests were conducted before and after the experimental teaching.
Students were required to write discussive essays with the following topics: Pre-test: These days internet-based courses have become a popular alternative to university-based courses. Some students prefer this type of learning because they do not need to attend lectures. Others argue that it is important to study at university. Discuss both these views.
Post-test: It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. The questionnaire survey consists of two main parts: The first part is composed of six questions which are to evaluate students’ satisfaction after the experimental teaching.
The second part asks for students’ suggestion for improvement in the next teaching. The data collection procedure underwent 3 phases. A pre-test was administered among an ISP group to assess their writing competence and analyzed to find out their writing problems in terms of cohesion and coherence in the pre-teaching phase. The participants then participated in a 6-week experimental while-teaching phase in which participants were given thorough theory of cohesion and coherence in academic writing as well as provided a lot of practicing exercise.
Finally, they took a post-test to evaluate their improvement in writing ability in the post-teaching 5 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Also in this phase, students completed one survey questionnaire concerning their opinions about the teaching and learning process. Data analysis methods Learners’ writings are qualitatively analyzed using a rating scale set up by the researcher. The rating scale specifies criteria for marking.
Learners’ proficiency in points was quantitatively analyzed using the SPSS software to conclude to what extent ISP students’ writing improves after the researcher’s experimental teaching. Limitations Although the research has achieved some certain results in investigating cohesion and coherence problems in ISP students’ writing as well as illustrating some teaching methods to tackle such issues, it still contains some limitations due to limited time and scope of the study. The first limitation lies in the participants in this study.