VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES ************************ LÊ THỊ THỦY APPLYING THE TECHNIQUE OF GUESSING WORD MEANINGS FROM CONTEXT FOR THE 11TH FORM STUDENTS AT LE LOI HIGH SCHOOL, THANH HOA (SỬ DỤNG KỸ NĂNG ĐOÁN NGHĨA TỪ QUA NGỮ CẢNH ĐỐI VỚI HỌC SINH LỚP 11 TRƯỜNG THPT LÊ LỢI, THANH HÓA) M.MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Language Teaching Methodology Code: 60 14 10 Hanoi - 2013 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES ************************* LÊ THỊ THỦY APPLYING THE TECHNIQUE OF GUESSING WORD MEANINGS FROM CONTEXT FOR THE 11TH FORM STUDENTS AT LE LOI HIGH SCHOOL, THANH HOA (SỬ DỤNG KỸ NĂNG ĐOÁN NGHĨA TỪ QUA NGỮ CẢNH ĐỐI VỚI HỌC SINH LỚP 11 TRƯỜNG THPT LÊ LỢI, THANH HÓA) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Language Teaching Methodology Code: 60 14 10 Supervisor: Dr. Lâm Quang Đông Hanoi – 2013 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES Chart 1: Result of the pre-test Chart 2: Result of post-test 1 Chart 3: Result of post-test 2 Table 1: The effectiveness of the guessing technique. iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION.
iii LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES. iv TABLE OF CONTENT. 1 The rationale of the study. 1 Aims and Objectives of the study.
2 Significance of the study. 2 Methods of the study. 3 Scope of the study. 4 CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Definition of context. Guessing or inferring strategy .3 Guessing word meanings from context as a technique of vocabulary teaching and learning. Previous studies on guessing word meanings from context. Types of context clues used in guessing word meanings.
Approach to teaching of guessing technique. Vocabulary in English textbook for 11th graders. 12 CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY. Rationale for the use of an action research.
13 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Action research procedure. Background of the study. Data collection instruments.
Focus group interview. Data collection procedures. Applying the guessing technique from context to teaching English vocabulary to 11th learners. Activities for presenting vocabulary.
Real objects, picture. Giving synonyms, antonyms. Activities for controlled practice stage. Fill in the blank with the right form of the word.
Activities for free practice stage. 28 CHAPTER III: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION. The results of the pre-test. 28 vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.
The results after the training period. The results of students’ diaries. The results of the post-tests. The results of the questionnaire.
The results of focus group interview. Summary of the findings. Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further research.
40 APPENDIX A: PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST 1. I APPENDIX B: POST-TEST 2. VI APPENDIX C: TRAINING LESSON 1. XI APPENDIX D: TRAINING LESSON 2.
XIV APPENDIX E: TRAINING LESSON 3. XVII APPENDIX F: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STUDENTS. XIX APPENDIX G: AN EXAMPLE FROM STUDENTS’ DIARIES. XX vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION 1.
The rationale of the study Vocabulary is an essential component of language, which plays a decisive role in communication. Wilkins, a famous British applied linguist, emphasized this with his saying "without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed" (1972:111). Obviously, words do not occur in isolation but within the context of sentence or a large discourse. Also, a word used in different contexts may have different meanings; thus, simply learning the definitions of a word without examples of where and when the word occurs will not help learners to fully understand its meaning.
Learning an isolated list of words without reference to the context is merely a memorization exercise which makes it difficult for learners to use the words in spoken and written language. In fact, students in general and Le Loi High School students in particular often have a habit of looking up word meanings in dictionaries without understanding how to use them. Too much dictionary work can kill all interests in reading and even interfere with comprehension, because readers become more concerned with individual words and less aware of the context which gives them meaning. Therefore, Le Loi High School students find it difficult to globally understand spoken or written discourse, most probably because they lack the ability to guess word meanings from context.
Many students tend to ignore unknown words, which is thought completely problematic to vocabulary learning. Using the contexts in which words appear, that is, a sentence in which the words to be learned appears will help students derive the meaning of these unknown words. Therefore, this problem is well worth taking into consideration. Although it is evident that the use of contextual clues can be effective in learning and teaching English vocabulary and provide a means by which students can quickly increase their existing vocabulary base, it has not attracted much 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com attention in terms of classroom instruction.
Some researches on the techniques of teaching vocabulary have mentioned this technique as a good one but little attempt has been made to integrate this technique training into normal teaching. Even little has been made to investigate the usefulness of developing students' techniques for guessing unknown words through context on the improvement of their proficiency in using vocabulary. All these have motivated the researcher to carry out an action research on applying the technique of guessing word meanings from context for 11th graders at Le Loi high school. Aims and Objectives of the study The study is aimed at applying the technique of guessing word meanings to teaching vocabulary so that students can understand word meanings as well as their form and then use them correctly.
On this basis, possible suggestions for improved effectiveness in students‟ vocabulary learning can be derived. Significance of the study The present research is carried out to encourage students to deal with word meanings with the help of context. It is also carried out with the hope that it would help teachers as well as 11th graders at Le Loi High School be aware of the important role of the guessing skill as well as some guessing techniques used in teaching and learning vocabulary. Moreover, it is hoped that the study could help the 11th graders in particular and high school students in general improve their vocabulary and use vocabulary correctly and fluently.
Research questions This study was conducted to answer the following major research question: - How effective is the technique of guessing word meanings from context in helping 11th graders at Le Loi High School learn vocabulary? 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Methods of the study With reference to its characteristics, this thesis can be categorized as an action research. The following instruments are applied to collect data for this study: One pre-test and two post-tests were used to measure whether students could improve their vocabulary. A questionnaire of 7 questions was given to the students to find out their opinions about the effectiveness of guessing technique in understanding word meanings.
Interviews were conducted after 6 weeks of training to obtain more in- depth data about how students assessed their progress when applying guessing technique and how this technique affected their vocabulary learning. Students‟ diaries were also used to support this action research. Students were asked to write reflective journals to express their reflections on the guessing technique. The students‟ diaries were collected after every 2 weeks of training and then were analyzed to find out what the students thought about the technique of guessing word meanings from context.
Scope of the study The study is concerned with the application of the skill to guess word meanings from context in teaching and learning vocabulary so as to measure the degree of effectiveness of this technique in improving students‟ vocabulary. The study only focuses on 11th graders at Le Loi High School, so the results of the study, though highly expected, may not be readily applied for all students at high schools. 3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, the author will clarify several concepts concerning the technique of guessing word meanings from context. In addition, different issues relating to this technique will also be presented.
Definition of context. It can be as short as a sentence or as long as several paragraphs, and it will usually contain unknown words (Rapaport, 2003). Context refers to the words surrounding an unfamiliar word. These surrounding words provide clues to the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
Traditionally, context was seen as a given, existing fully and completely in any properly written text and the key to using it was linguistic knowledge and it plays a very important role in the identification of words in text. A word used in different contexts may have different meaning so simply learning the definition of a word without examples of where and when it occurs will not help learners to fully understand its meaning. If learners are not able to contextualize new words by connecting them to words and concepts they already know, the words will likely be less meaningful to them. And then if meaning is not contextualized, it will be difficult for learners to memorize as well as to use new words appropriately.
From this view, context is clearly not an absolute presence in a text but is created by the reader, and is therefore influenced by the reader‟s linguistic and world knowledge. 4 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com In short, context includes both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects. Therefore, in order to derive the meaning of a word from context, learners need to utilize not only the information presented in the text but also their general knowledge of the topic discussed in the text. Guessing or inferring strategy Guessing word meanings from context most commonly refers to inferring the meanings of a word from surrounding words in a written text.
It is an active and deliberate process to acquire a meaning for a word in a text, “By reasoning from textual clues and prior knowledge, including language knowledge and hypotheses developed from prior encounters with the word, but without external sources of help such as dictionaries or human. Grellet (1981) defined guessing as “inferring means making use of syntactic, logical and cultural clues to discover the meaning of unknown elements”. McCarthy (1990) gave another definition: “Inferring involves creating a schema for the unknown words, based on world knowledge and previous experience, both of the world and texts. In other words, inferring means drawing conclusions as to word meaning by following certain rational steps in the face of the evidence available”.
Gairns and Redman (1986) use the term “contextual guesswork” for the strategy of making use of context in which the word appears to derive an idea of its meaning or in some cases from the word itself. To conclude, the guessing strategy is quite sophisticated but it plays a very important part in vocabulary development. Thus, it has been widely promoted as it has been seen to fit in more comfortably with the communicative approach than any other.3 Guessing word meanings from context as a technique of vocabulary teaching and learning 5 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Guessing word meanings from context is one of many available vocabulary learning techniques. This technique is regarded as “the most important of all sources of vocabulary learning” (Nation, 2001:232).
Teaching meanings of single words out of context does not yield good learning outcomes because of the polysemous nature of words.