interactive student edition Level Blue This furnace is used in the production of steel. Steel is formed by heating molten iron and scrap steel at 1550°C. The Grand Canyon was formed by over one billion years of erosion. These tropical fish are found in waters that maintain a constant temperature between 70°C and 78°C.
Color may give these fish a way to communicate with or attract mates. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.
The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic Society.The name “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited. The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book were designed and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine.TIME and the red border are trademarks of Time Inc. All rights reserved.
Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-877810-0 MHID: 0-07-877810-7 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 09 08 07 06 (bkgd)Arnulf Husmo/Getty Images, (l)Georgette Douwma/Getty Images, (r)John Lawrence/Getty Images Contents In Brief Humans and Heredity. 2 Contents In Brief Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. 4 Chapter 2 Traits and How They Change.
36 Chapter 3 Interactions of Human Systems. 90 Chapter 4 Interactions of Life. 92 Chapter 5 The Nonliving Environment. 148 Earth’s Changes over Time.
178 Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics. 180 Chapter 8 Earthquakes and Volcanoes. 208 Chapter 9 Clues to Earth’s Past. 240 Chapter 10 Geologic Time.
270 Earth’s Place in the Universe. 302 Chapter 11 The Sun-Earth-Moon System. 304 Chapter 12 The Solar System. 334 Chapter 13 Stars and Galaxies.
368 Chemistry of Matter. 400 Chapter 14 Inside the Atom. 402 Chapter 15 The Periodic Table. 432 Chapter 16 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds.
462 Chapter 17 Chemical Reactions. 490 Motion, Forces, and Energy. 518 Chapter 18 Motion and Momentum. 520 Chapter 19 Force and Newton’s Laws.
548 Chapter 20 Work and Simple Machines. 578 Chapter 21 Thermal Energy. 664 Chapter 24 Waves, Sound, and Light. 692 Authors Peter Rillero, PhD Associate Professor of Science Education Education Division Arizona State University West Washington, D.
Phoenix, AZ Alton Biggs Dinah Zike Retired Biology Teacher Educational Consultant Allen High School Dinah-Might Activities, Inc. Allen, TX San Antonio, TX Ralph M., PhD Assistant Professor Geoscience Department Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana, PA Series Consultants CONTENT Alton J. Banks, PhD Jerome A. Jackson, PhD Connie Rizzo, MD, PhD Director of the Faculty Center Whitaker Eminent Scholar in Science Depatment of Science/Math for Teaching and Learning Program Director Marymount Manhattan College North Carolina State University Center for Science, Mathematics, New York, NY Raleigh, NC and Technology Education Florida Gulf Coast University Dominic Salinas, PhD Jack Cooper Fort Meyers, FL Middle School Science Supervisor Ennis High School Caddo Parish Schools Ennis, TX William C.
Keel, PhD Shreveport, LA Department of Physics Sandra K. Enger, PhD and Astronomy Cheryl Wistrom Associate Director, University of Alabama St. Joseph’s College Associate Professor Tuscaloosa, AL Rensselaer, IN UAH Institute for Science Education Huntsville, AL Linda McGaw Carl Zorn, PhD Science Program Coordinator Staff Scientist David G. Haase, PhD Advanced Placement Strategies, Inc.
Jefferson Laboratory North Carolina State University Dallas, TX Newport News, VA Raleigh, NC Madelaine Meek MATH Michael A. Hoggarth, PhD Physics Consultant Editor Department of Life and Lebanon, OH Michael Hopper, DEng Earth Sciences Manager of Aircraft Certification Otterbein College Robert Nierste L-3 Communications Westerville, OH Science Department Head Greenville, TX Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD Plano, TX Teri Willard, EdD Mathematics Curriculum Writer Belgrade, MT iv READING Rachel Swaters-Kissinger ACTIVITY TESTERS Science Teacher Elizabeth Babich John Boise Middle School Nerma Coats Henderson Special Education Teacher Warsaw, MO Pickerington Lakeview Jr. High Mashpee Public Schools School Mashpee, MA SAFETY Pickerington, OH Barry Barto Aileen Duc, PhD Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka Special Education Teacher Science 8 Teacher William D. Slider Middle School John F.
Kennedy Elementary Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD El Paso, TX Manistee, MI Plano, TX Science Kit and Boreal Carol A. Senf, PhD Sandra West, PhD Laboratories School of Literature, Department of Biology Tonawanda, NY Communication, and Culture Texas State University-San Marcos Georgia Institute of Technology San Marcos, TX Atlanta, GA Reviewers Deidre Adams Lois Burdette Annette D’Urso Garcia West Vigo Middle School Green Bank Elementary-Middle Kearney Middle School West Terre Haute, IN School Commerce City, CO Green Bank, WV Sharla Adams Sandra Everhart IPC Teacher Marcia Chackan Dauphin/Enterprise Jr. High Schools Allen High School Pine Crest School Enterprise, AL Allen, TX Boca Raton, FL Mary Ferneau Maureen Barrett Obioma Chukwu Westview Middle School Thomas E. Harrington Middle School J.
Rose High School Goose Creek, SC Mt. Laurel, NJ Greenville, NC Cory Fish John Barry Nerma Coats Henderson Burkholder Middle School Seeger Jr. High School Pickerington Lakeview Jr. Henderson, NV West Lebanon, IN High School Pickerington, OH Linda V.
Forsyth Desiree Bishop Retired Teacher Environmental Studies Center Karen Curry Merrill Middle School Mobile County Public Schools East Wake Middle School Denver, CO Mobile, AL Raleigh, NC George Gabb William Blair Joanne Davis Great Bridge Middle School Retired Teacher Murphy High School Chesapeake Public Schools J. Marshall Middle School Murphy, NC Chesapeake, VA Billerica, MA Anthony J. Lynne Huskey Tom Bright 8th Grade Science Chase Middle School Concord High School Octorana Middle School Forest City, NC Charlotte, NC Atglen, PA v Maria E. Kelly Amy Morgan Dee Stout Principal Berry Middle School Penn State University Nativity School Hoover, AL University Park, PA Catholic Diocese of Arlington Burke, VA Norma Neely, EdD Darcy Vetro-Ravndal Associate Director for Regional Hillsborough High School Michael Mansour Projects Tampa, FL Board Member Texas Rural Systemic Initiative National Middle Level Science Austin, TX Karen Watkins Teacher’s Association Perry Meridian Middle School John Page Middle School Annette Parrott Indianapolis, IN Madison Heights, MI Lakeside High School Atlanta, GA Clabe Webb Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka Permian High School William D.
Slider Middle School Nora M. Prestinari Burchett Ector County ISD El Paso, TX Saint Luke School Odessa, TX McLean, VA Michelle Mazeika-Simmons Alison Welch Whiting Middle School Mark Sailer William D. Slider Middle School Whiting, IN Pioneer Jr. High School El Paso, TX Royal Center, IN Joe McConnell Kim Wimpey Speedway Jr.
High School Joanne Stickney North Gwinnett High School Indianapolis, IN Monticello Middle School Suwanee, GA Monticello, NY Sharon Mitchell Kate Ziegler William D. Slider Middle School Durant Road Middle School El Paso, TX Raleigh, NC vi Teacher Advisor Board T he Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the content and design of the Student Edition. They provided valuable input in the development of the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Blue. John Gonzales Marie Renner Rubidel Peoples Challenger Middle School Diley Middle School Meacham Middle School Tucson, AZ Pickerington, OH Fort Worth, TX Rachel Shively Nelson Farrier Kristi Ramsey Aptakisic Jr.
High School Hamlin Middle School Navasota Jr. High School Buffalo Grove, IL Springfield, OR Navasota, TX Roger Pratt Jeff Remington Manistique High School Palmyra Middle School Manistique, MI Palmyra, PA Kirtina Hile Erin Peters Northmor Jr. High/High School Williamsburg Middle School Galion, OH Arlington, VA Student Advisory Board T he Student Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the design of the Student Edition. We thank these students for their hard work and creative suggestions in making the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Blue student friendly.
Jack Andrews Addison Owen Reynoldsburg Jr. High School Davis Middle School Reynoldsburg, OH Dublin, OH Peter Arnold Teriana Patrick Hastings Middle School Eastmoor Middle School Upper Arlington, OH Columbus, OH Emily Barbe Ashley Ruz Perry Middle School Karrar Middle School Worthington, OH Dublin, OH Kirsty Bateman Hilliard Heritage Middle School Hilliard, OH Andre Brown Spanish Emersion Academy Columbus, OH Chris Dundon Heritage Middle School Westerville, OH The Glencoe middle school science Student Ryan Manafee Monroe Middle School Advisory Board taking a timeout at COSI, Columbus, OH a science museum in Columbus, Ohio. vii Aaron Haupt John Evans Why do I need my science book? Have you ever been in class and Before You Read not understood all of what was ● Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you, presented? Or, you understood and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the everything in class, but at home, science you will be learning about. The Chapter got stuck on how to answer a Preview will give you an idea of what you will be question? Maybe you just learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to wondered when you were ever help get your brain headed in the right direction.
The going to use this stuff? Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized. ● Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four These next few pages sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first are designed to help you page of each section will let you know what is most understand everything your important in the section. It is divided into four parts.
science book can be used What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you for. besides a paperweight! will be covering. Why It’s Important will remind you why you are studying this in the first place! The Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know, either from your science studies or your prior knowl- edge. The New Vocabulary words are words that you need to learn to understand this section.
These words will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the section. Make a note to yourself to recognize these words as you are reading the section. Science Vocabulary Make the following Foldable to help you understand the vocabulary terms in this chapter. STEP 1 Fold a vertical As You Read sheet of notebook paper from side to ● Headings Each section has a title side.
in large red letters, and is further divided into blue titles and STEP 2 Cut along every third line of only the small red titles at the begin- top layer to form tabs. nings of some paragraphs. To help you study, make an outline of the headings and subheadings. ● Margins In the margins of STEP 3 Label each tab with a vocabulary your text, you will find many helpful (t)PhotoDisc, (b)John Evans word from the chapter.
The Science Online exercises and Integrate activities help you explore the topics you are studying. MiniLabs reinforce the sci- ence concepts you have learned. Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list the vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learn ● Building Skills You also will find an the definitions, write them under the tab for Applying Math or Applying Science activity each vocabulary word.
in each chapter. This gives you extra prac- tice using your new knowledge, and helps prepare you for standardized tests. ● Student Resources At the end of the book you will find Student Resources to help you throughout your studies. These include Science, Technology, and Math Skill Hand- books, an English/Spanish Glossary, and an Index.
Also, use your Foldables as a resource. It will help you organize information, and review before a test. ● In Class Remember, you can always At the beginning of ask your teacher to explain anything every section. you don’t understand.
ix Evans, (r)Geoff Butler In Lab Working in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand the con- cepts you are studying.