VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES ********************* ĐINH THỊ MAI ANH AN INVESTIGATION INTO CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS DENOTING “LIFE” IN AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE SHORT STORIES FROM 1975 TO 1991 NGHIÊN CỨU ẨN DỤ Ý NIỆM DÙNG ĐỂ BIỂU ĐẠT “CUỘC SỐNG” TRONG CÁC TRUYỆN NGẮN CỦA MỸ - VIỆT TỪ 1975 ĐẾN 1991 M. Major Program Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 HA NOI - 2016 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES ********************* ĐINH THỊ MAI ANH AN INVESTIGATION INTO CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS DENOTING “LIFE” IN AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE SHORT STORIES FROM 1975 TO 1991 NGHIÊN CỨU ẨN DỤ Ý NIỆM DÙNG ĐỂ BIỂU ĐẠT “CUỘC SỐNG” TRONG CÁC TRUYỆN NGẮN CỦA MỸ - VIỆT TỪ 1975 ĐẾN 1991 M. Major Program Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc. Ngô Đình Phương HA NOI - 2016 z DECLARATION Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma.
No other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgements in this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institutions. Hanoi, 2016 Đinh Thị Mai Anh i z ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, the completion of this study could not have been possible without the expertise of Assoc. Ngo Dinh Phuong, my beloved thesis supervisor.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to him for his dedicated guidance and constructive criticism extended to me. My appreciation also goes to all the lecturers at Faculty of Post – Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, who expertly guided me through my education, shared their valuable knowledge and inspired me to carry out this research. Last but not least, I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to all the family members for their unceasing support and great encouragement. ii z ABSTRACT Metaphor has attracted the attention of scholars interested in language, especially rhetoricians and literary critics, for more than 2000 years.
Traditionally, metaphor was viewed as a matter of language, as a set of extraordinary or figurative linguistic expressions only used in literature with the aim to embellish discourse. However, cognitive linguistics presents a different view of metaphor, stating that metaphor, in its broad sense, is pervasive and essential in language and thought. It is defined as understanding one abstract conceptual domain (target domain), in terms of another concrete conceptual domain (source domain). The concept of life has been one of the most common target domains, which is hard to fully comprehend without establishing a set of mappings, i.
a set of systematic correspondences, between this undelineated notion and other better-known one. Therefore, this study attempts to probe into conceptual metaphors denoting life in American and Vietnamese short stories from 1975 to 1991 from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. Basing on a relatively considerable number of collected data, the author makes an investigation into the similarities and differences in the use of these conceptual metaphors in both languages, in the hope to contribute a part to the process of foreign language teaching and learning, and translation practice. iii z TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iv LIST OF TABLES. Rationale of the study. Significance of the study. Aims and objectives.
Aims of the study. Objectives of the study. Scope of the study. Method and Procedures.
Organization of the study .THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW. The traditional view of metaphors. Metaphors in the Cognitive Linguistic View. Research design and methodology.
American short stories .2 Vietnamese short stories. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS. Conceptual metaphors denoting life in American short stories. LIFE IS AN ENTITY.
LIFETIME IS PASSING OF TIME. LIFE IS A JOURNEY. LIFE IS A CONTAINER. LIFE IS A PERSONAL POSSESSION.
LIFE IS A PERSON. LIFE IS A MACHINE. LIFE IS A WAR. LIFE IS A STORY.
LIFE IS A GAME. LIFE IS A PAIN. Conceptual metaphors denoting life in Vietnamese short stories. LIFE IS AN ENTITY.
LIFETIME IS PASSING OF TIME. LIFE IS A JOURNEY. LIFE IS A CONTAINER. LIFE IS A PERSONAL POSSESSION.
LIFE IS A PERSON. LIFE IS A MACHINE. LIFE IS A WAR. LIFE IS A STORY.
LIFE IS A GAME. LIFE IS A PAIN. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS. Implications for the study.
Implications for teachers. Implications for learners. Implications for translators. Limitations and suggestions for further studies.
AMERICAN CORPUS ANALYZED IN THE STUDY APPENDIX B. VIETNAMESE CORPUS ANALYZED IN THE STUDY vi z LIST OF TABLES Number of Name of Tables Page Tables 1. American & Vietnamese short stories from 1975 - 1991 4 2. Metaphorical Mapping between Conceptual Domains 15 2.
Metaphorical Mapping between Conceptual Domains 15 2. Metaphorical Mapping between Conceptual Domains 18 2. American corpus analyzed in the study 30 3. Vietnamese corpus analyzed in the study 31 4.
Conceptual Metaphors denoting life 34 Occurrence and Percentage of Conceptual Metaphors 4. denoting life in American and Vietnamese short stories 35 from 1975 to 1991 Occurrence and Percentage of Structural Metaphors 4. denoting life in American and Vietnamese short stories 36 from 1975 to 1991 Occurrence and Percentage of Ontological Metaphors 4. denoting life in American and Vietnamese short stories 37 from 1975 to 1991 Occurrence and Percentage of Orientational metaphors 4.
denoting life in American and Vietnamese short stories 39 from 1975 to 1991 vii z viii z CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study Cognitive linguistics is the approach to the study of language that began to emerge in the 1970s and has been increasingly active since the 1980s. Until now, a large amount of research has been carried out in the light of cognitive linguistics over the world in general and in Vietnam in particular, and most of them have focused on semantics with a deeper insight into the use of conceptual metaphor in language. Conceptual metaphors involve two concepts and have the form A is B, where the more abstract concept A such as love, life, economy and argument is comprehended in terms of the more concrete concept B including war or a container.
Therefore, the investigation into conceptual metaphors with the aim to find out similarities and differences of using this kind of meaning transference among languages in the world brings great benefits to the English teaching, learning and translating process. Life has been one of the most inspirational and enchanting topics for thousands of writers across the time. Although the concept of life is commonly mentioned in our daily life or everyday conversations, its definition or true meaning cannot be described by only one or two words. Life is the mixture of everything – the mixture of happiness and sadness, success and failure, comfort and pain, encouragement and frustration, opportunities and obstacles, love and hatred, relief and sorrow, and struggle and surrender.
Therefore, it is hard to fully comprehend the concept of life itself without any connection with other concrete notions or tangible objects. To illustrate that, imagine life is a game. People are considered as players, who need to play as skillfully and fairly as they can with the aim to win, or acquire their own goals in life. If the concept of life is perceived in terms of a journey, people are considered as travellers trying their best to overcome all impediments on their way to reach the final destinations.
As a result, the abstract concept of life can be metaphorically mentioned through other more delineated ones. Depending on the distinctive features of different cultures or specific geographical characteristics of regions in the world, life has its own uniqueness. 9 z The conceptualization of life in American and Vietnamese short stories and the universal and unique conceptual metaphors referring to life among languages have given me a great inspiration to carry out a research entitled: ―An investigation into conceptual metaphors denoting “life” in American and Vietnamese short stories from 1975 to 1991‖. Hopefully, the findings of this study would make a contribution to the process of understanding and interpretation of conceptual metaphors in American and Vietnamese short stories.
Significance of the study This research is carried out in the hope to contribute a small part to the consolidation of cognitive linguistic theory in general, and cognitive semantics in particular. Although there are a number of investigations into conceptual metaphors in the world and in Vietnam as well, how the concept of life is conceptualized in short stories, and how metaphorical expressions used to denote this abstract notion are similar and different among languages, have not been examined yet. Therefore, this study is expected to help learners who have not exposured much in life and might find it difficult to understand this concept when reading materials or having a conversation with foreign people. Moreover, it is hoped to contribute to the process of teaching and learning American literature in foreign languages departments or universities in Vietnam, and of translating American shorts stories or other forms of art into Vietnamese and vice verse.
Aims and objectives 1. Aims of the study This research aims to: - Carry out an investigation into conceptual metaphors denoting life in some American and Vietnamese short stories based on the theory of cognitive semantics. - Make a comparison of using conceptual metaphors to express life in American versus Vietnamese short stories. - Make contributions to learning, teaching and translating process.
Objectives of the study To gain the aims above, the researcher attempts to: - Identify the conceptual metaphors of life in some American and Vietnamese short stories in terms of cognitive linguistics. - Categorize these conceptual metaphors in the frame of linguistic cognitivism. - Analyze and discover the similarities and differences in the conceptual metaphors denoting the concept of life in some American and Vietnamese short stories. - Make some suggestions for foreign language teaching and learning, as well as for translating process.
Research questions In order to achieve the aims and objectives of the investigation, the researcher attempts to give answers to the following questions: a. How are the conceptual metaphors of life conceptualized in American and Vietnamese short stories from 1975 to 1991? b. What are the similarities and differences of the conceptual metaphors denoting life in American and Vietnamese short stories from 1975 to 1991? c. What are the implications for the use of conceptual metaphors in teaching, learning and translating? 1.
Scope of the study The study merely focuses on investigating the conceptual metaphors denoting life based on the theory of cognitive linguistics. The researcher also chooses to investigate these conceptual metaphors in nineteen American short stories and nineteen Vietnamese short stories from 1975 to 1991, as follows: No. American short stories Vietnamese short stories 1. Where I‘m calling from (Raymond Người gặp hằng ngày (Nguyễn Khải, Carver, 1983) 1981) 4.
The way we live now (Susan Gió từ miền cát (Xuân Thiều, 1983) Sontag, 1987) 6. You‘re ugly, too (Lorrie Moore, Tháng ngày đã qua (Xuân Thiều, 1984) 1990) 8. The legend of pig - eye (Rick Bass, Người mẹ tội lỗi (Xuân Thiều, 1984- 1990) 1985) 9. The trip back (Robert Olen Butler, Bến quê (Nguyễn Minh Châu, 1985) 1990) 10.
Oil and water (Millicent Dillion, Chiếc thuyền ngoài xa (Nguyễn Minh 1990) Châu, 1987) 12. The body shop (Elizabeth Graver, Trung du chiều mưa buồn (Ma Văn 1990) Kháng, 1987) 13. Viva la Tropicana (Leonard Ông trưởng họ (Nguyễn Khải, 1991) Michaels, 1990) 17. Friend of my youth (Alice Munro, Móng vuốt thời gian (Ma Văn Kháng, 1990) 1991) 19.