1 About the Tutorial C# is a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft within its .NET initiative led by Anders Hejlsberg. This tutorial covers basic C# programming and various advanced concepts related to C# programming language. Audience This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand basics of c# Programming. Prerequisites C# programming is very much based on C and C++ programming languages, so if you have a basic understanding of C or C++ programming, then it will be fun to learn C#.
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1 Strong Programming Features of C#. 3 Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for C#. 4 Writing C# Programs on Linux or Mac OS. 5 Creating Hello World Program.
5 Compiling and Executing the Program. 12 The using Keyword. 13 The class Keyword. 17 ii Value Type.
21 C# Type Conversion Methods. 25 Accepting Values from User. 26 Lvalue and Rvalue Expressions in C#:. CONSTANTS AND LITERALS.
28 Floating-point Literals. 46 iii Operator Precedence in C#. 56 Nested if Statements. 75 Loop Control Statements.
84 Public Access Specifier. 84 Private Access Specifier. 86 Protected Access Specifier. 88 Internal Access Specifier.
91 Defining Methods in C#. 91 Calling Methods in C#. 92 Recursive Method Call. 95 Passing Parameters to a Method.
96 Passing Parameters by Value. 97 iv Passing Parameters by Reference. 99 Passing Parameters by Output. 104 The Null Coalescing Operator (??).
107 Initializing an Array. 107 Assigning Values to an Array. 108 Accessing Array Elements. 108 Using the foreach Loop.
112 Two-Dimensional Arrays. 115 Passing Arrays as Function Arguments. 119 Properties of the Array Class. 119 Methods of the Array Class.
124 Creating a String Object. 124 Properties of the String Class. 126 Methods of the String Class. 135 Features of C# Structures.
137 v Class versus Structure. 141 Declaring enum Variable. 143 Member Functions and Encapsulation. 151 Static Members of a C# Class.
156 Base and Derived Classes. 156 Initializing Base Class. 158 Multiple Inheritance in C#. 170 Implementing the Operator Overloading.
170 Overloadable and Non-Overloadable Operators. 184 The using Keyword. 190 Preprocessor Directives in C#. 190 The #define Preprocessor.
194 Constructs for Defining Regular Expressions. 202 The Regex Class. 208 Exception Classes in C#. 210 Creating User-Defined Exceptions.
214 The FileStream Class. 215 Advanced File Operations in C#. 217 Reading from and Writing to Text Files. 218 The StreamReader Class.
218 The StreamWriter Class. 220 vii Reading from and Writing into Binary files. 222 The BinaryWriter Class. 224 Windows File System.
228 The DirectoryInfo Class. 228 The FileInfo Class. 234 Specifying an Attribute. 237 Creating Custom Attributes.
238 Constructing the Custom Attribute. 239 Applying the Custom Attribute. 243 Applications of Reflection. 259 Use of Indexers.
266 viii Multicasting of a Delegate. 272 Using Delegates with Events. 302 Features of Generics. 309 Writing an Anonymous Method.
312 Retrieving the Data Value Using a Pointer. 313 Passing Pointers as Parameters to Methods. 314 Accessing Array Elements Using a Pointer. 315 Compiling Unsafe Code.
318 Thread Life Cycle. 318 ix Properties and Methods of the Thread Class. OVERVIEW C# is a modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft and approved by European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) and International Standards Organization (ISO). C# was developed by Anders Hejlsberg and his team during the development of.
C# is designed for Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), which consists of the executable code and runtime environment that allows use of various high-level languages on different computer platforms and architectures. The following reasons make C# a widely used professional language: It is a modern, general-purpose programming language It is object oriented. It is component oriented. It is easy to learn.
It is a tructured language. It produces efficient programs. It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms. It is a part of.
Strong Programming Features of C# Although C# constructs closely follow traditional high-level languages, C and C++ and being an object-oriented programming language. It has strong resemblance with Java, it has numerous strong programming features that make it endearing to a number of programmers worldwide. Following is the list of few important features of C#: Boolean Conditions Automatic Garbage Collection Standard Library Assembly Versioning Properties and Events Delegates and Events Management Easy-to-use Generics Indexers 1 Conditional Compilation Simple Multithreading LINQ and Lambda Expressions Integration with Windows 2 2. ENVIRONMENT In this chapter, we will discuss the tools required for creating C# programming.
We have already mentioned that C# is part of .Net framework and is used for writing. Therefore, before discussing the available tools for running a C# program, let us understand how C# relates to the .Net Framework The .Net framework is a revolutionary platform that helps you to write the following types of applications: Windows applications Web applications Web services The .Net framework applications are multi-platform applications. The framework has been designed in such a way that it can be used from any of the following languages: C#, C++, Visual Basic, Jscript, COBOL, etc. All these languages can access the framework as well as communicate with each other.Net framework consists of an enormous library of codes used by the client languages such as C#.
Following are some of the components of the .Net framework: Common Language Runtime (CLR) The .Net Framework Class Library Common Language Specification Common Type System Metadata and Assemblies Windows Forms ASP.Net and ASP.Net AJAX ADO.Net Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) Windows Presentation Foundation Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) LINQ For the jobs each of these components perform, please see ASP.Net - Introduction, and for details of each component, please consult Microsoft's documentation. 3 Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for C# Microsoft provides the following development tools for C# programming: Visual Studio 2010 (VS) Visual C# 2010 Express (VCE) Visual Web Developer The last two are freely available from Microsoft official website. Using these tools, you can write all kinds of C# programs from simple command-line applications to more complex applications. You can also write C# source code files using a basic text editor like Notepad, and compile the code into assemblies using the command-line compiler, which is again a part of the.
Visual C# Express and Visual Web Developer Express edition are trimmed down versions of Visual Studio and has the same appearance. They retain most features of Visual Studio. In this tutorial, we have used Visual C# 2010 Express. You can download it from Microsoft Visual Studio.
It gets installed automatically on your machine. Note: You need an active internet connection for installing the express edition. Writing C# Programs on Linux or Mac OS Although the.NET Framework runs on the Windows operating system, there are some alternative versions that work on other operating systems. Mono is an open-source version of the .NET Framework which includes a C# compiler and runs on several operating systems, including various flavors of Linux and Mac OS.
Kindly check Go Mono. The stated purpose of Mono is not only to be able to run Microsoft .NET applications cross-platform, but also to bring better development tools for Linux developers. Mono can be run on many operating systems including Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, OS X, Windows, Solaris, and UNIX. PROGRAM STRUCTURE Before we study basic building blocks of the C# programming language, let us look at a bare minimum C# program structure so that we can take it as a reference in upcoming chapters.
Creating Hello World Program A C# program consists of the following parts: Namespace declaration A class Class methods Class attributes A Main method Statements and Expressions Comments Let us look at a simple code that prints the words "Hello World": using System; namespace HelloWorldApplication { class HelloWorld { static void Main(string[] args) { /* my first program in C# */ Console.ReadKey(); } } } 5 When this code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result: Hello World Let us look at the various parts of the given program: The first line of the program using System; - the using keyword is used to include the System namespace in the program. A program generally has multiple using statements. The next line has the namespace declaration. A namespace is a collection of classes.
The HelloWorldApplication namespace contains the class HelloWorld. The next line has a class declaration, the class HelloWorld contains the data and method definitions that your program uses. Classes generally contain multiple methods. Methods define the behavior of the class.
However, the HelloWorld class has only one method Main. The next line defines the Main method, which is the entry point for all C# programs. The Main method states what the class does when executed. The next line /*.*/ is ignored by the compiler and it is put to add comments in the program.
The Main method specifies its behavior with the statement Console.WriteLine("Hello World"); WriteLine is a method of the Console class defined in the System namespace. This statement causes the message "Hello, World!" to be displayed on the screen. The last line Console.ReadKey(); is for the VS. This makes the program wait for a key press and it prevents the screen from running and closing quickly when the program is launched from Visual Studio.
It is worth to note the following points: C# is case sensitive. All statements and expression must end with a semicolon (;). The program execution starts at the Main method. Unlike Java, program file name could be different from the class name.
Compiling and Executing the Program If you are using Visual Studio.Net for compiling and executing C# programs, take the following steps: Start Visual Studio. On the menu bar, choose File -> New -> Project. Choose Visual C# from templates, and then choose Windows. Choose Console Application.
6 Specify a name for your project and click OK button. This creates a new project in Solution Explorer. Write code in the Code Editor. Click the Run button or press F5 key to execute the project.
A Command Prompt window appears that contains the line Hello World. You can compile a C# program by using the command-line instead of the Visual Studio IDE: Open a text editor and add the above-mentioned code. Save the file as helloworld.cs Open the command prompt tool and go to the directory where you saved the file. Type csc helloworld.cs and press enter to compile your code.