Giáo Trình Ngữ Nghĩa và Ngữ Dụng Tiếng Anh

Giáo trình nghiên cứu ngữ nghĩa, trình bày lý thuyết rõ ràng, minh họa ví dụ thực tế, phù hợp sinh viên ., phục vụ nghiên cứu và ứng dụng thực tiễn

Trường đại học

Ho Chi Minh City

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Giáo Trình

2014

77
1
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

1. PART 1: SEMANTICS

1.1. I. DEFINITION

1.2. SENTENCES, UTTERANCES & PROPOSITIONS

1.3. II. SEMANTIC FEATURES / PROPERTIES

1.4. III. SEMANTIC / LEXICAL FIELD

1.5. IV. Types of reference

1.6. 3. TYPES OF MEANING

1.6.1. 1. Linguistic / literal meaning

1.6.2. Semantic / Participant roles

1.6.3. b. Semantic meaning & pragmatic meaning

1.6.4. c. Non-literal meaning / Figures of speech

1.6.4.1. Simile
1.6.4.2. Metaphor
1.6.4.3. Irony
1.6.4.4. Sarcasm
1.6.4.5. Synecdoche
1.6.4.6. Metonymy
1.6.4.7. Personification
1.6.4.8. Hyperbole
1.6.4.9. Euphemism

1.7. VI. MEANING PROPERTIES / CHARACTERISTICS

1.7.1. 1. Ambiguity

1.7.2. Types of ambiguity

1.7.3. Some common forms of structural ambiguity

1.8. VII. Word relation

1.8.1. Synonym

1.8.2. Antonym

1.8.3. Homophone

1.8.4. Homograph

1.8.5. Homonym

1.8.6. Polysemy

1.8.7. Hyponymy

1.9. 2. Sentence relation

1.9.1. Entailment

1.9.2. Contradiction

1.9.3. Paraphrase

1.9.3.1. Types of Paraphrase
1.9.3.2. Ways to paraphrase a sentence

1.10. VIII. TYPES OF SENTENCE BASING ON TRUTH VALUE

1.10.1. 1. Contradictory sentence

2. PART 2: PRAGMATICS

2.1. I. Speech event / situation

2.1.1. Setting

2.1.2. Participants / Characters

2.1.3. Relation

2.1.4. Message

2.1.5. Tone used

2.2. 4. Direct & indirect speech act

2.3. 5. Types of speech act

2.3.1. Declarative

2.3.2. Representative

2.3.3. Expressive

2.3.4. Directive

2.3.5. Commissive

2.4. III. THE COOPERATIVE MAXIMS

2.5. IV. Types of implicature

2.6. V. Types of presupposition

REFERENCES

ANSWER KEY

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

GIAÙO TRÌNH NGÖÕ NGHÓA – NGỮ DỤNG HOÏC TIEÁNG ANH ENGLISH SEMANTICS & PRAGMATICS COMPILED BY NGUYEN THUY NGA NGUYEN QUOC BAO Ho Chi Minh City, 2014 (Revised) CONTENTS PART 1: SEMANTICS I. DEFINITION 5 SENTENCES, UTTERANCES & PROPOSITIONS 5 II. SEMANTIC FEATURES / PROPERTIES 6 III. SEMANTIC / LEXICAL FIELD 7 IV. Types of reference 3. TYPES OF MEANING 16 1. Linguistic / literal meaning  Semantic / Participant roles b. Semantic meaning & pragmatic meaning c. Non-literal meaning / Figures of speech  Simile  Metaphor  Irony  Sarcasm  Synecdoche  Metonymy  Personification  Hyperbole  Euphemism VI. MEANING PROPERTIES / CHARACTERISTICS 27 1. Ambiguity 28  Definition  Types of ambiguity  Some common forms of structural ambiguity 2 VII. Word relation 37  Synonym  Antonym  Homophone  Homograph  Homonym  Polysemy  Hyponymy 2. Sentence relation 41  Entailment  Contradiction  Paraphrase o Types of Paraphrase o Ways to paraphrase a sentence VIII. TYPES OF SENTENCE BASING ON TRUTH VALUE 45 1. Contradictory sentence PART 2: PRAGMATICS I. Speech event / situation  Setting  Participants / Characters  Relation  Message  Tone used 4. Direct & indirect speech act 5. Types of speech act  Declarative  Representative  Expressive  Directive  Commissive 3 III. THE COOPERATIVE MAXIMS 57 IV. Types of implicature V. Types of presupposition REFERENCES 67 ANSWER KEY 68 4 PART 1: SEMANTICS I. DEFINITION Semantics is the study of meaning in language.(Hurford & Heasley, 1983: 1) Semantics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally connect to things. Semantic analysis also attempts to establish the relationship between verbal descriptions and states of affairs in the world as accurate (true) or not, regardless of who produces that description. SENTENCES, UTTERANCES, AND PROPOSITIONS 1. A sentence (câu) is a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language. (Hurford & Heasley, 1983: 16) Ex:- A house was struck by lightning last night. - Money doesn‟t make happiness. An utterance (phát ngôn) is a piece of language (a sequence of sentences, a single phrase, or a single word) used by a particular speaker on a particular occasion. (Hurford & Heasley, 1983: 15) In written language, an utterance is put between quotation marks. Ex:- “Hello” - “Not much” - “Utterances may consist of a single word, a single phrase, or a single sentence. They may also consist of a sequence of sentences. A proposition (mệnh đề) is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs. (Hurford & Heasley, 1983: 19) Ex:- Paul turned on the TV. - I met him at the cinema last night. Rule: The notion of truth can be used to decide whether two sentences express the same proposition or different propositions. When one sentence is true and the other is also true, they express the same proposition. If one sentence is true while the other may be false, they express different propositions. True propositions correspond to reality. False propositions do not correspond to reality. Ex: (1) Harry took out the garbage. Harry took the garbage out. The garbage was taken out by Harry. (3 sentences; same proposition) (2) John gave Mary a book. Mary was given a book by John. (2 sentences; same proposition) (3) Isobel loves Tony. Tony loves Isobel. (2 sentences; 2 different propositions) (It is not necessary that Tony loves Isobel) (4) “Dr Findlay caused Janet to die.” “Dr Findlay killed Janet.” (2 utterances; 2 different propositions) (In the case Dr Findlay caused Janet to die, but not intentionally) 5 Exercise 1: Answer the following sentences, choosing Yes or No. Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of a sentence? Yes / No 2. Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of an utterance? Yes / No 3. Can one talk of a loud sentence? Yes / No 4. Can one talk of a loud utterance? Yes / No 5. Does it make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to? Yes / No 6. Does it make sense to ask what language an utterance belongs to? Yes / No Exercise 2: 1. Fill in the chart with „+‟ or „-„ as appropriate. Utterances Sentences Propositions Can be loud or quiet Can be grammatical or not Can be true or false In a particular regional accent In a particular language 2. Can the same proposition be expressed by different sentences? Yes / No 3. Can the same proposition be realized by different utterances? Yes / No Exercise 3: Answer the following: 1. Are the following groups of words a sentence or an utterance? a. John sang wonderfully last night. “John sang wonderfully last night. Can a sentence be true or false? Yes / No 3. Can an utterance be true or false? Yes / No 4. Is an utterance tied to a particular time and place? Yes / No 5. Is a sentence tied to a particular time and place? Yes / No III. SEMANTIC PROPERTIES/ FEATURES 1. DEFINITION Semantic features or properties are ‘the smallest units of meaning in a word.’ (Richards, Platt & Weber, 1987: 254) Example: (+: plus; - : minus) Father + human Each factor Assassin + human + male is a + adult + mature Semantic + killer + married Property / + kill a VIP + having children Feature 6 Bachelor + human Teacher + human + male + adult + adult + earn living + unmarried by teaching 2. Primitive elements: basic primitive concepts in linguistics. They are left undefined. Ex: human, male, animal, color etc. The same semantic feature may be found in the meaning of different words. Ex: Father, mother, son, daughter, teacher baby … all share the same semantic feature [+ human]. Mother, daughter, hen, bitch, swine … all share the same semantic feature [+female]. The same semantic feature may be found in words of different parts of speech. Ex: [+female] is part of the noun mother, the adjective pregnant, the verb breast- feed. [+educational] is a semantic feature of the noun teacher, the adjective educated, the verb teach. LEXICAL / SEMANTIC FIELD A semantic field or a lexical field is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which show their relationship to one another. 1987:53) In other words, it is a group of words sharing the same Semantic property. Ex 1: Human (B) Hypernym / Super-ordinate Bachelor Father Mother Baby Uncle Sister Hyponymy (A) Hyponyms Hyponym is a word „whose referent is totally included in the referent of another term. Hypernym is a word whose referent covers all the referents of its hyponyms. Hyponymy is a one-way relation from hyponyms and hypernym so that A (hyponym) is a kind of B (hypernym). We can say: A bachelor is a kind of human. Not: A human is a kind of bachelor. A boy is a kind of human. Not: A human is a kind of boy. Ex 2: Male (Hypernym) Boy Brother Uncle Ram Stallion Ox Bull (Hyponyms) 7 Ways of organizing related words into different lexical / semantic fields. Items related by topics a. Fruit: apples, oranges, grappes, bananas etc. Clothing: shirts, pants, pajamas, hats etc. Color: green, red, blue, purple, pink etc. Items which are similar in meaning a. Ways of cooking: stew, boil, fry, steam, roast etc. Ways of walking: limp, tiptoe, stalk etc. Ways of looking: stare, peer, glance, squint etc. Items grouped as an activity or a process a. Doing housework: cleaning the room, doing washing, ironing clothes, preparing the meal etc. Doing research: making hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing data, getting results, coming to a conclusion. Exercise 4 For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the words in group (i) and those in group (ii), and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (i) and (ii). Ex: i/ widow, mother, sister, aunt, seamstress ii/ widower, father, brother, uncle, tailor  the shared semantic property is human.  the different properties are: (i) => female; (ii) => male. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, uncle. bull, rooster, drake, ram, boar. bitch, hen, doe, mare, ewe, vixen. actress, maiden, widow, woman, girl. doctor, dean, professor, bachelor, parent. teenager, child, boy, baby, infant. table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, car. milk, alcohol, rice, soup, mud. book, temple, mountain, road, tractor. idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear. pine, elm, ash, wiping, willow, sycamore. rose, dandelion, carnation, tulip, daisy. book, letter, encyclopedia, novel, notebook, dictionary. typewriter, pencil, ballpoint, crayon, quill, charcoal, chalk. walk, run, skip, jump, hope, swim. fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang-glide. Exercise 5: Put the following words into different lexical fields. Give each group a hypernym. Cup – hammer – glass – nails – red – jug – wineglass – blue – purple – boxing – scissors – football – knife – plastic cup – yellow – badminton – pink – file – weightlifting – green – run – motor-racing – crawl – walk – black – swim – vermilion – karate. 8 Exercise 6: Give a hypernym to each of the following strings of words. Cross out the item(s) that does / do not belong to the same lexical field as the others. acquire, buy, collect, win, sell, steal, rob. whisper, talk, narrate, report, tell, instruct, brief. road, path, way, street, method, freeway, avenue. easy-going, sociable, well-mannered, friendly, sad, elegant, courteous, strong. smell, aroma, bouquet, perfume, fragrance, scent, odor, reek. toast, boil, fry, fresh, grill, medium, bake, roast, steam. cow, dog, cat, tiger, lion, ape, human, bird, whale, chicken. sing, talk, dance, speak, shout, whisper, mutter, babble. at, of, in, on, under, below, near. square, circular, triangular, rectangular, spherical, hexagonal, polygonal. MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS TEST 1 1. Which of the following is correct about linguistics? a. Linguistics is the study of language meaning b. Linguistics is the study of English c. Linguistics is the study of all dialects d. Linguistics is the study of language 2. Which of the following does not belong to linguistics? a. Which of the following is correct about semantics? a. Semantics is the study of language use b. Semantics is the study of language c. Semantics is the study of language meaning d. Semantics is an independent subject 4. Which of the following is correct about pragmatics? a. Pragmatics is the study of language b. Pragmatics is the study of language use c. pragmatics is an independent subject d. Pragmatics is the study of language meaning 5. Which of the following statements is true? a. The objective of semantics is the literal meaning of language b. The objective of linguistics is the meaning of language c. The objective of semantics is the speaker‟s meaning d. The objective of semantics is the non-literal meaning of language 6. Which of the following statements is not true? a. Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and objects b. Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and the user c. Pragmatics studies the speaker‟s meaning d. Pragmatics studies how and what for the speaker uses the language 7. Which of the following statements is true about sentence? a. A sentence is a group of words grammatically linked to convey a complete meaning b. A sentence is a group of words containing a finite verb c. A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and a verb d. A sentence is a group of words consisting of one clause 8. Which of the following statements is not true about utterance? a. The meaning of an utterance is the sum of meanings of the constituent words b. An utterance is context bound / dependent c. The meaning of an utterance depends on the situation in which it is uttered d. An utterance is a sentence said in a particular situation 9.

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