THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NAMKHO SONGKHAM USING LANDSAT DATA TO MONITOR THE LAND COVER CHANGE IN VIENTIANE CAPITAL, LAO PDR BACHELOR THESIS Study mode : Full-Time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Program Office Batch : ESM48 (2017 – 2020) Thai Nguyen, 8th September 2021 DOCUMANTATION PAGE AND ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Bachelor of Environmental Science and Degree Program Management Student Name NAMKHO SONGKHAM Student Name DTN1554290051 USING LANDSAT DATA TO MONITOR THE Thesis title LAND COVER CHANGE IN VIENTIANE CAPITAL, LAO PDR. NGUYEN VAN HIEU Supervisor (s) GEOINFORMATIC RESEARCH CENTER Supervisor signature (s) Nguyen Van Hieu Land cover change is the significant to arrange of scale and problems center to global change study. In order to monitor change in land cover, gathering the data by using intensive desktop for analysis land cover in particular area by using land satellite image, land satellite image bring a benefit for many proposes especially analysis area without time-travelling. Vientiane is located on center of Lao PDR and considered as capital of Lao PDR this capital is also a development area.
By using ArcGIS software to classify a land cover types by using supervised classification. The result illustrates the decreasing of forest area and increase in built-up scale. In term of environmental impacts, extending of settling area is the factor of urban population growth which leads to environment issues. This research will gather a result and provide a changing detail on land cover in Vientiane and in provision of development plan to mitigate the issues that probably happen in the future.
i Land cover, Land cover change, GIS, Urbanization, Keywords Landsat image, Vientiane Lao, USGS. Number of Pages 56 Submission date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Mr. Nguyen Van Hieu, who has the attitude and substance of a genius. For this patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge.
His suggestion helped me in all the time of the research and conducting of this thesis. Without his advice and persistent help this thesis would not have been possible Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Mr. Bui Minh Tung. For his cooperation and suggestion to my thesis about comment and question.
Moreover, I would like to say thank you to Geoinformatics Research Center (GIRC) for offering a chance to conduct research. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family, my parent Kay Namkho and Sonechan Namkho. For giving birth to me at the first place as well as encouragement and support throughout my life. iii TABLE OF CONTENT DOCUMANTATION PAGE AND ABSTRACT .iii TABLE OF CONTENT.
iv LIST OF FIGURES. vii LIST OF TABLES .viii LIST OF ABBREVIEATION. Research Questions and Hypothesis. Significance of Study.
Scope and Limitations.2 Urbanization in Vientiane.3 Land use and Land cover study .1 Materials and Methods .3 Introduction to the preprocessing .4 Software used in this study .8 Image analysis and classification .1 Land Cover Map In 2000 .2 Land cover map in 2013 .3 The land cover map of 2020.4 Land cover between 2000 and 2013 .5 Land cover between 2013 and 2020 .6 Land cover between 2000 and 2020 .7 Land cover change in Vientiane from 2000 and 2020. How has land use in Vientiane changed from 2000 to 2020. Reason Behind Land Use Changes in Vientiane. Urbanization and Its Impacts on the Environment: the case of Vientiane, Laos.
Implications for Urban Planning and Management:. 55 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3. Flowchart of the methodology. Study area Vientiane.
Process of band combination. Band combination completed. Clipping image process using Vientiane boundary. Taking training samples.
Types of samples. Vientaine’s land cover map in 2000. Vientaine’s land cover map in 2013. Vientaine’s land cover map in 2020.
Land cover Vientiane 2000 and 2013. Graph of land cover change 2000 and 2013. Land cover Vientiane 2013 and 2020. Comparison graph of land cover 2013 and 2020 .8 Land cover of Vientiane 2000 and 2020.
Comparison graph of land cover 2000 and 2020 .10 Land cover change map of Vientiane. Graph of Land cover change. Google Earth image of December 2000 and February 2020 .42 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3. Band combination for natural color (ESRI).
Details of land use of Vientiane in 2000. Details of land use of Vientiane in 2013. Details of land use of Vientiane in 2020. Details of land use of Vientiane 2000 and 2013.
Details of land use of Vientiane 2013 and 2020. Details of land use of Vientiane in 2000 and 2020. Details of land cover change in Vientiane 2000 and 2020.40 viii LIST OF ABBREVIEATION CAC Center for Clean Air Coalition CIA Central Intelligence Agency EC Electrical Conductivity GDP Gross Domestic Product GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GIS Geo Informatic System GMS Greater Mekong Subregion HA Hectare JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Lao PDR Lao People Democratic Republic LC Land Cover LST Land Surface Temperature MRC Mekong River Commission NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration RS Remote Sensing USGS United States Geological Survey UTM Urchin Tracking Module WGS World Geodetic System WHO World Health Organization µm Micrometer ix PART I. Research Rationale Even though being one of the poorest countries in the world, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (also known as Lao PDR or Laos) has an urbanization rate of 3.
According to CIA (2019), in Laos, 35.6 % of the total population lives in an urban area. To be specific, half of the urban population is currently living in its capital city, making it challenging for the authorities to plan for urban development (Centre for Development and Environment, 2018). In parallel with the rapid development of all nations across the globe, the natural resources of such countries are now coping the severe crisis. The conversion from natural resources such as the plantation areas, the forest patches and natural land area to the infrastructure and expansion of agricultural is putting such an enormous pressure on the global biodiversity.
According to the report of United nation in 2018, people more than 55 percent are dwelling in urban area meaning that more than a half of total population are contributing to the global biodiversity degradation. Lao PDR, known as a country with the abundance and diversity of forests and natural resources, are now being affected by urbanization in the similar way. Vientiane capital, the small and relaxed city located on the central of Laos, it is the large city and flattening in geography that situated along the Mekong River (lao- guide-999. City has a monsoon climate with the average daytime temperature above 80 ºF (27ºC) and more than 80% of average annual participation 1 falling in five months from May to September.
The city is modernized by the infrastructure, building and facilities, however, it still keeps the beauty of traditions and culture since many old temples are located inside the town (Augustyn, 2016). Additionally, with more than 948,000 people are settling down, Vientiane is considered as a largest city where people mostly embody to earn a living. As an economic city, most of citizens in Vientiane capital occupied as a worker, officer, and farmer in suburb. In view of the fact that most people in Vientiane is farmers, thus, the large paddy field and agricultural area is plenty to be seen along the capital city.
Interestingly, with the potential of being an attraction of inventors to contribute their business, Vientiane is popularly known as one of economic attraction cities in Laos. Therefore, due to this issue, Vientiane have expended the urban to suburb with growing of economic and develop a large area, this resulted in the transforming from forest area to infrastructure and agricultural land (JICA, 2011). This necessitated to monitor the change in land use of Vientiane capital through time to compare how the biodiversity has been degrading and how the urbanization has undertaken. In order to monitoring the land use, several elements will be produced in ArcGIS software including Land use change and land cover change mapping.
To specify, Land use is the specification of land such as building, vegetation and agriculture that can be classified due to what can be built on the land and what the land can be used for. Category of community, environment or placing that determined can be used on a specific type of land. The arrangements, activities, and inputs that people attempt in a certain land cover type are called land use 2 (DIANA EASTMAN, 2018). In order to identify what a region is covered by forest, instruction, agriculture, and another land cover types and types of water it can be classified by Land cover data.
Water types include wetlands or open water. Land use is an indicator of the propose of using by people in that area use the land field whether for development, conservation, invasion, or mixed uses. Land cover can be managed with the different types and use differently (NOAA, 2020). It is necessary and worthwhile to study how the land use had been changed according to time.
Therefore, to the best knowledge, this study attempts to perform the land use change and urbanization mapping of Vientiane capital of Laos by employing the modern technology tools to compare the transformation and variation of Land use between the year of 2000 and 2020 with LULC by using Landsat image via ArcGIS software. Research Questions and Hypothesis This study will address the following questions: 1. How the land use has been changed during the period of 2000 to 2020 in Vientiane capital, Laos PDR? 2. How the urbanization affects the environment? 3.
What could be the suitable plan urbanization management in the area ? what could be a practical practice? Null hypothesis: 1. The land use/land cover change in Vientiane capital, Lao PDR have severe changes from 2000 to 2020 3 2. The land use/land cover change in Vientiane capital, Lao PDR impacts on environment since 2000 to 2020 Alternative hypothesis 1. The land use/land cover change in Vientiane capital, Lao PDR does not have severe changes from 2000 to 2020 2.
The land use/land cover change in Vientiane capital, Lao PDR does not impact on environment since 2000 to 2020 1. Research Objective This research aims to accomplish the following to: 1. Assess the land use change of Vientiane capital of Laos during the period of 2000 and 2020 2. Identify the land cover change of Vientiane capital of Laos during the period of 2000 and 2020 3.
Examine the potential impacts of urbanization to biodiversity and environment 4. Address the suitable plan for urbanization management in the municipality of Vientiane, Laos. Significance of Study 1. Student: the study about land use and land cover change in capital city of Laos is required more studies conduct.
Moreover, the information that will be generated from this study can be the secondary data that other students can use for further research. Society: the result of this study could be applied to the urbanization management strategies in the area. Moreover, this finding will also contribute to the better environmental management as well as raise people’s awareness towards the impact of urbanization to biodiversity. Scope and Limitations The scope of this study will cover all the area of municipality of Vientiane.
Required data information regarding to this study and some advice from the GIS specialist will be collected to escalate the quality of this study. However, there might be some factors limiting the study, firstly the potential limitation such as data collection, survey, information downloading with some sources are not available and need to be paid, GIS license.