THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY FRANCINA MAE A. BALIDO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOLOUS LICHENS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LEVELS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN CHIANG MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: Advanced Education Program Batch: K46 Thai Nguyen, 15/11/2018 i h DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Francina Mae A. Balido Student ID DTN1434290109 Thesis Title Diversity and Distribution of Corticolous Lichens And Their Relationship to Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand Supervisor(s) 1. Ho Ngoc Son (Vietnam) Supervisor’s signatures Abstract The study aimed to investigate the diversity and distribution of lichens and their relationship to levels of nitrogen dioxide within the basin of Chiang Mai Province.
The study evaluated six districts which were Mae Tang, Mae Rim, Doi Saket, Mae On, San Pa Tong and Chiang Mai City .10 mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) were selected for lichen investigation in sites. A total of 14 families, 22 genera and 38 species were found. Thirty- eight species consists of 24 crustose lichens and 14 foliose lichens. The richness and diversity of lichens were determined by using Shannon Diversity Index.
The highest diversity index was found in Mae Tang and the lowest diversity index recorded was in Chiang Mai City. The highest richness was both discovered in Mae Tang and Mae On and the lowest richness was found in Doi Saket. Bray-Curtis Similarity Index was used to determine the similarity of lichens communities and the distribution of lichens among sites was illustrated by using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). The results indicated two main groups within the six study sites and 30 % similarity were found between the groups.
Lichens species such as Pyxine cocoes, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Phyllopeltula cf. corticola, Rinodina roboris and Dirinaria picta were found in urban and suburban areas. Pyxine cocoes, Hyperphyscia adglutinata and Phyllopeltula cf. corticola were identified as tolerant species to air pollution.
Dirinaria picta was identified as sensitive species on air pollution. The lowest NO2 concentration (9.5 ppbv) was distinguished in Mae On and highest concentrations (19.1 ppbv) were found in Mae Tang, Doi Saket, San Pa Tong and Chiang Mai City. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to correlate all factors and lichen diversity, whereas the results showed that there is no significant correlation between nitrogen dioxide, environmental factors, species richness and lichen diversity in the study. Keywords: lichen diversity, lichen distribution, NO2 concentrations, passive sampler i h Number of pages 67 pages Date of 15/11/2018 submission ii h ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincerest thanks to my thesis supervisors, Dr.
Wanaruk Saipunkaew and Dr. Ho Ngoc Son for the kind supervision and guidance which both helped me to do my thesis at my best. In particular, I want to give thanks to Dr. Wanaruk Saipunkaew for giving me opportunity to worked on my thesis topic “DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOLOUS LICHENS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LEVELS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN CHIANG MAI PROVINCE “that I can never finished without the help of my laboratory members which were MS.
Student, Sujinda Bungwan, Ph D. students, Nattakarn Sransupphasirigul and Chitsupang, Kheawsalab. Jiraporn Saenthiya for the help in collecting, and identifying lichen specimens. My appreciation also extends for, MS.
Student View Varaphan for assistance in using pH meter and for Dr. Sompron Chantara for approval of using passive samplers on her laboratory and for the assistance of her laboratory students that were MS. Student Sukanya Prawan, MS. Student Patcharee Saejiw and MS.
Student Tantaraporn Charoen in preparing and using the passive samplers. I also want to acknowledge the Head of the Faculty of Science, Dr. Chitchol Phalaraksh for the appreciation of our work in our research in Chiang Mai University. I want express my gratitude to Thai Nguyen University, Chiang Mai University, ASEAN International Mobility of Student (AIMS) for the opportunity and support for their students on this internship.
I would like to express my gratitude Dr. Ho Ngoc Son for choosing me as one of the students he would like to handle. And I want specifically to convey my thanks for his motivation and iii h encouragement to do well even in making my bachelor thesis even before and after the conduction of data. My sincerest gratitude to my family and relatives for the endless and genuine support and understanding on my decisions within the span of living abroad for studying and making thesis.
For that, I become more confident and matured than before. The blessings and challenges I faced were all worth it with these people all behind my back and will strive to do better in the future. I also want to acknowledge my school “Refiners Christian School” which I studied for 9 years and gave me the chance to study abroad which was I am not expecting to do so and to our Administrator,Mr. Marjun Macaleng, Mrs.
Irene Macaleng, School Principal Mrs. Cherry Tanyag and Ms. Elsa Belen for their encouragement for us students to venture to this opportunity and be equipped students. I want to convey my gratitude to my longtime friends which are both in the Philippines and close friends studying with me which were in Thai Nguyen University for being there and being each other support and strength whenever I am in good situation and in a bad situation.
I want to specially express my thanks to Kristina Reyes, my roommate which is a close friend that is very helpful and gave advices whenever I had worries and Veatriz Malitic for the understanding me and for sharing same interests with me especially in music. Joy Ongkiatco for being such a honest and caring friend to me, Enzo Bernardo and Luis Chavez for being such good friend to me since before until now that proves whenever we understand each other in worrying times. Jessica Cosico, Aj De Castro, Lester Lagansua, Ghia Sarmiento and King Reyes which were comfortable friends that I can joke and play with and iv h same goes for the laughter you had brought to me and to other as well. My Ate’s and Kuya’s from other batch for looking after me and us younger Filipinos and gave advices whenever it is about academics and in life situations.
My Vietnamese friends which were I am thankful were Chi Ha Trang, Chi Qunyh Trang, Chi Luyen Nguyen, Chi Minchau Nguyen Chi Duong Hoàng and all the Chi and Anh in K46B class who were like my older sisters and brothers that treats me well. My special thanks also to Pi Puangpech Pongpa for the friendliness and generosity of your time for me and all of us who are new in Thailand. The memories of my college journey were about to end and will be forever cherished, completed and remembered with the friendship that felt already like a family whenever and I hope to continue for a very long time. I also want to congratulate myself for holding and giving all the best.
You’ve worked hard. And save the best for last, I want to thank God for everything, the guidance, blessings and challenges which helped me to grow. You showed me what will happen if I will just follow you and by that, I entrust and give back all the achievements and experiences I’ve earned for your own glory. Student Balido, Francina Mae A.
v h TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES. viii LIST OF TABLES. ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .3 Research Questions and Hypotheses .3 Growth forms and reproduction .4 Factors affecting the lichens .5 Lichens as biomonitors of air pollution. MATERIALS AND METHODS .1 Time frame and description of the study areas.
23 a) Preparation of the solutions. 23 b) Preparation of diffusion tube. 23 c) Exposure of the diffusion tube. 24 d) Extraction of the sample.
25 e) Analysis of the sample. 26 a) Lichens Diversity: Shannon Index. 26 b) Similarity of lichen communities and distribution of lichens. 27 c) Correlation between nitrogen dioxide, environmental factors, species richness and lichens diversity.
28 vi h PART IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Results and Discussion .2 Similarity of lichen communities and distribution of lichens .3 Environmental factors in the study sites.4 NO2 concentration in the study sites .5 Correlation between nitrogen dioxide, environmental factors, species richness and lichens diversity. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. 60 vii h LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.
Three types of lichens (a) crustose (b) foliose (c) fruticose…………. The process of gas diffusion in the passive sampling procedure……. Location of the six selected areas within Chiang Mai Province. The position of a grid frame on selected tree.
Configuration of passive sampler…………………………. Analysis of the sample using NO2 test kit……………………………. The NO2 standard color chart…………………. Dendrogram of similarity of lichen communities………………….
Distribution of lichens in all study sites………………………….43 viii h LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Location of the six study sites. Site number (No.), Study sites, longitude and latitude and elevation……………………………. List of lichens families, genera and species of lichens found in the study areas………………………………………………………………………….
List of lichen species and their frequencies in all study areas. List of richness and diversity index in the study areas…………. List of environmental factors collected in study sites…………. List of the NO2 concentrations in study sites…………………….
Pearson correlation coefficient between (r) eight parameters…….48 ix h LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DCA Detrended correspondence analysis GF/A Glass Microfiber filters GPS Global Positioning System H' Shannon Diversity Index MVSP Multivariate Package Program NO2 Nitrogen dioxide PM Particulate matter ppbv parts per billion by volume SO2 Sulphur dioxide x h PART I.1 Research rationale The economic growth of Thailand causes several issues which has come to a point where it is negatively affecting its people and environment. Air pollution is one of the issues that beset the country as it is significantly worsening problem in recent times. Several health implications concerning on respiratory- related conditions increased and caused 50, 000 deaths per year (Pacific Prime Thailand, 2017). In which particularly, Chiang Mai Province located in Northern Thailand greatly showed rapid growth of its economy since the number of tourist attractions, accommodations, factories, restaurants, road constructions and business buildings 1 have increased as well as the number of tourists visited Chiang Mai Province.
Moreover, the industry and service sectors were considered to be the top two largest laborers in the province over the past few years (Kitirianglarp, 2015). By these gains of the economic sector, there were trade-offs observed in the province, these are the traffic congestion, poor waste management, water and air pollution which generally affect the natural environment and resources of the province. And out of these problems, air pollution is the biggest and greatly affects most of the people in terms of health. According to the Pollution Control Department, PM 2.5 levels recorded on March 18, 2018 ranged from 48 – 86 micrograms per cubic meter of air which is high compared on the safety level of 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air.
1 h Annually, there are many cases wherein the residents and tourists in the hospital complain some illnesses and even caused several deaths because of the pollution. These deaths caused by the excessive exposure to hazardous pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, benzene, lead, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. Particularly, sulphur dioxide causes shortness of breath, benzene can cause leukemia (ATDSR, 2007) and lead affects the central nervous system and the brain (WHO, 2018). On the other hand, too much exposure to carbon monoxide can lead to death (NCEH, 2017) and respiratory problems when someone intake nitrogen oxide in extremely high amount (US EPA, 2016).
In general, conception of imposing standard levels of nitrogen dioxide aimed to protect human health. Pollution Control Department under the Ministry 2 of Natural Sources and Management in Thailand set the standard levels for the hazardous pollutants in Thailand to compare to the present levels in an hour, month and a year.