Tai Lieu Chat Luong Nationalisms in Japan Nationalisms in Japan brings together leading specialists in the field to critically examine different notions and manifestations of ‘nationalism’ in the political, social and cultural contexts of modern and contemporary Japan. The book encompasses a period of two hundred years, and includes discussions of the early Japanese national thinkers of the Mito School, the conscripts in the Russo-Japanese war, Japan’s ambiguous internationalists of the 1920s, the national extremists in the 1930s, the Ainu moshiri and its implications, the history textbook controversy of the 1990s and ends with a contemporary debate of the official visit made by Prime Minister Koizumi Jun’ichirō to the highly controversial Yasukuni Shrine. This contemporary and interdisciplinary study draws important conclusions about the evolution of nationalism as a concept in Japan. Through in-depth analysis by a leading team of scholars, the book argues persuasively that competing forms of nationalism or more accurately, nationalisms, can and do exist in Japan at any one time.
Its findings call for a more nuanced and sophisticated study of nationalisms in Japan. This timely reassessment in the face of recent neo-nationalist sentiment provides valuable insight and will be essential reading for academics working on modern Japan and on comparative study of nationalism. Naoko Shimazu lectures on modern Japanese history at the School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Birkbeck College, University of London. She is the author of Japan, Race and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 (Routledge, 1998).
Sheffield Centre for Japanese Studies / Routledge Series Series Editor: Glenn D. Hook Professor of Japanese Studies, University of Sheffield This series, published by Routledge in association with the Centre for Japanese Studies at the University of Sheffield, both makes available original research on a wide range of subjects dealing with Japan and provides introductory overviews of key topics in Japanese Studies. The Internationalization of Japan Japan’s Economic Power and Edited by Glenn D. Hook and Security Michael Weiner Japan and North Korea Christopher W.
Hughes Race and Migration in Imperial Japan Japan’s Contested Constitution Michael Weiner Documents and analysis Japan and the Pacific Free Trade Glenn D. Hook and Gavan Area McCormack Pekka Korhonen Japan’s International Relations Greater China and Japan Politics, economics and security Prospects for an economic Glenn D. Hook, Julie Gilson, partnership? Christopher Hughes and Hugo Robert Taylor Dobson The Steel Industry in Japan Japanese Education Reform A comparison with the UK Nakasone’s legacy Hasegawa Harukiyo Christopher P. Hood Race, Resistance and the Ainu of Japan The Political Economy of Japanese Richard Siddle Globalisation Glenn D.
Hook and Hasegawa Japan’s Minorities Harukiyo The illusion of homogeneity Edited by Michael Weiner Japan and Okinawa Japanese Business Management Structure and subjectivity Restructuring for low growth and Edited by Glenn D. Hook and globalization Richard Siddle Edited by Hasegawa Harukiyo and Japan and Britain in the Glenn D. Hook Contemporary World Japan and Asia Pacific Integration Responses to common issues Pacific romances 1968–1996 Edited by Hugo Dobson and Glenn Pekka Korhonen D. Hook Japan and United Nations Contested Governance in Japan Peacekeeping Sites and issues New pressures, new responses Edited by Glenn D.
Hook Hugo Dobson Japan’s International Relations Japanese Capitalism and Modernity Politics, economics and security in a Global Era Second edition Re-fabricating lifetime employment Glenn D. Hook, Julie Gilson, relations Christopher Hughes and Hugo Peter C. Matanle Dobson Nikkeiren and Japanese Capitalism John Crump Japan’s Changing Role in Humanitarian Crises Production Networks in Asia and Yukiko Nishikawa Europe Skill formation and technology Japan’s Subnational Governments in transfer in the automobile industry International Affairs Edited by Rogier Busser and Yuri Purnendra Jain Sadoi Japan and East Asian Monetary Japan and the G7/8 Regionalism 1975–2002 Towards a proactive leadership role? Hugo Dobson Shigeko Hayashi The Political Economy of Reproduction in Japan Japan’s Relations with China Between nation-state and everyday Facing a rising power life Lam Peng-Er Takeda Hiroko Representing the Other in Modern Grassroots Pacifism in Post-War Japanese Literature Japan A critical approach The rebirth of a nation Edited by Rachael Hutchinson and Mari Yamamoto Mark Williams Interfirm Networks in the Japanese Electronics Industry Myth, Protest and Struggle in Ralph Paprzycki Okinawa Miyume Tanji Globalisation and Women in the Japanese Workforce Nationalisms in Japan Beverley Bishop Edited by Naoko Shimazu Nationalisms in Japan Edited by Naoko Shimazu First published 2006 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2006 selection and editorial matter Naoko Shimazu; individual contributors for their contributions This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.” All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Nationalisms in Japan Edited by Naoko Shimazu. – (Sheffield Centre for Japanese Studies/Routledge series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–415–40053–8 (hardback : alk.540952–dc22 2005033389 ISBN10: 0–415–40053–8 (Print Edition) ISBN13: 978–0–415–40053–4 Contents Notes on contributors ix Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 NAOKO SHIMAZU 1 Japanese national doctrines in international perspective 9 ERICA BENNER 2 Reading the diaries of Japanese conscripts: forging national consciousness during the Russo-Japanese war 41 NAOKO SHIMAZU 3 Internationalism and nationalism: anti-Western sentiments in Japanese foreign policy debates, 1918–22 66 HARUMI GOTO-SHIBATA 4 Japanese nationalist extremism, 1921–41, in historical perspective 85 STEPHEN S.
LARGE 5 The making of Ainu moshiri: Japan’s indigenous nationalism and its cultural fictions 110 RICHARD SIDDLE 6 The battle for hearts and minds: patriotic education in Japan in the 1990s and beyond 131 CAROLINE ROSE viii Contents 7 The national politics of the Yasukuni Shrine 155 T E T S U Y A T A K A H A S H I ( trans. P H I L I P S E A T O N ) Conclusion Towards nationalisms in Japan 181 NAOKO SHIMAZU Index 188 Notes on contributors Erica Benner is Recurrent Professor of Nationalism Studies at the Central European University in Budapest, and a Fellow at the Center for Ethics and Public Affairs, Tulane University. She is the author of Really Existing Nationalisms (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), and many articles and chapters on political philosophy and the history of ideas, including ‘Nationality Without Nationalism’ (1997), ‘Nationalism Within Reason’ (1998), ‘The Liberal Limits of Republican Nationality’ (2000), ‘Is There a Core National Doctrine?’ (2001) and, more recently, a chapter on ‘The Nation-State’, in the Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Philosophy. She is currently working on the book, Self-Legislation and Legitimacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
Harumi Goto-Shibata is Associate Professor, Center for International Research and Education, Chiba University, Japan. She received her DPhil from Oxford University. Her publications include Ahen to igirisu teikoku: Kokusai kisei no takamari 1906–1943 [The International Control of Opium and the British Empire, 1906–1943] (Tokyo: Yamakawa shuppansha, 2005), Japan and Britain in Shanghai 1925–31 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995) and ‘The International Opium Conference of 1924–25 and Japan’, Modern Asian Studies 36: 4 (2002). Large is Reader in Modern Japanese History in the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Cambridge.
His numerous publications include The Rise of Labor in Japan: The Yūaikai, 1912–1919 (Tokyo: Sophia University Press, 1972), Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), Emperor Hirohito and Shōwa Japan: A Political Biography (London: Routledge, 1992), and x Contributors Emperors of the Rising Sun: Three Biographies (London: Kodansha International, 1997). He also edited Shōwa Japan: Political, Economic and Social History, 1926–1989, 4 vols (London: Routledge, 1998). His current research is on the history of nationalist extremism in Japan, 1900–70. Caroline Rose is Senior Lecturer in Japanese Studies in the Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Leeds.
Her research focus is contemporary Sino-Japanese relations and she has published two monographs on the problems relating to the interpretation of history and on reconciliation in Sino-Japanese relations entitled, Interpreting History in Sino-Japanese Relations (London: Routledge, 1998) and Sino-Japanese Relations: Facing the Past, Looking to the Future? (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004). She is currently working on a project which considers the role of trans-national civil society in reconciliation between China and Japan. Philip Seaton is a Lecturer in the Institute of Language and Culture Studies, Hokkaido University. He completed his DPhil on Japanese war memories in 2004 and has recently published a paper on the British media’s representation of the textbook and Yasukuni issues in Japan Forum 17(3).
His webpage is www.net Naoko Shimazu is Senior Lecturer in Japanese History at the School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Birkbeck College, University of London. Her first book, Japan, Race and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 was published by Routledge in 1998. She is currently working on a monograph, Japanese Society at War: Death, Memory and the Russo-Japanese War, (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming). She is also co-editing Re-Imagining Culture in the Russo-Japanese War with Rosamund Bartlett.
Richard Siddle is Lecturer in Japanese Studies at the School of East Asian Studies, University of Sheffield. His publications include Race, Resistance and the Ainu of Japan (London: Routledge, 1996), Japan and Okinawa: Structure and Subjectivity (co-editor, London: Routledge, 2003) and numerous articles and book chapters on identity politics among the Ainu and Okinawans. Tetsuya Takahashi is Professor of Philosophy and of Culture and Representations at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo. His publications include Yasukuni Mondai [Yasukuni Problems] (Tokyo: Chikumashobō, 2005), Kyōiku to kokka [Education and the State] (Tokyo: Kōdansha, 2004), Sengo Contributors xi sekinin ron [On the Post-war Responsibility] (Tokyo: Kōdansha, 1999 and 2005), Rekishi/Shūsei shugi [History/Revisionism] (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 2001), and Rekishi ninshiki ronsō [History and Memory] (editor, Tokyo: Sakuhinsha, 2002).
Acknowledgements This book, Nationalisms in Japan, represents the third and the final volume in the three-volume series published as part of the Sheffield Centre for Japanese Studies/Routledge Series. The three-volume project conceived in May 2001 came under the auspices of the British Association for Japanese Studies (BAJS) in order to enhance intellectual exchanges and develop new academic networks between scholars in the United Kingdom and Japan. Glenn Hook edited the first volume, Contested Governance in Japan: Sites and Issues (Routledge, 2005), and the second was edited by Rachel Hutchinson and Mark Williams, Representing the Other in Modern Japanese Literature (Routledge, 2006). We are particularly grateful for the financial support given by a number of donors.
First and foremost, the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation and Mike Barrett, its Chief Executive, were unstinting in their support for this project. Their generous financial grant enabled the UK-based participants of this project, Nationalisms in Japan, to attend the two-day workshop held at Keio University in Tokyo on 12–13 September 2003. Gratitude is also owed to the Toshiba International Foundation and BAJS for additional financial support to bring the project to a successful completion. On behalf of the project, we would also like to extend our very special thanks to Professor Ota Akiko who generously hosted the workshop in Tokyo.
Finally, I would like to thank all the contributors for their partici- pation in the workshop in September 2003, and for their stimulating chapters. Special thanks are due also to my colleague, Caroline Rose, who kindly helped me in the editorial work. Naoko Shimazu London, 2005 Introduction Naoko Shimazu This edited volume is based on a two-day closed workshop held at Keiō University in September 2003 on ‘Nationalism in Modern and Contemporary Japan’. It represents the culmination of intensive, thought-provoking discussions.