MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology FABRICATION OF RED PALM OIL EMULSION GEL USING COMBINATION OF PLANT-BASED STARCHES A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Huynh Thi Phuong Uyen Supervisor: Prof. Tan Chin Ping Dr. Tan Tai Boon Assoc Prof. Kha Chan Tuyen Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology FABRICATION OF RED PALM OIL EMULSION GEL USING COMBINATION OF PLANT-BASED STARCHES A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Huynh Thi Phuong Uyen Supervisor: Prof.
Tan Chin Ping Dr. Tan Tai Boon Assoc Prof. Kha Chan Tuyen Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS wasssisssssnsssssusesarsieamacnnwsimenancenernannnenrnnneneamnrenes 1 LIS TOR TABLES hinaosptstoissen 04615592 ngi09650 885038588: iaAirlsjsstgtastbossAlqoiil9stlssGddirlisll\lv3voqltÄ8NgBS43495643600489Ngs0s80, 2 Mis TSS SNF CO) Fe Go RS i a a me Re 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMEN TD ossesssessnenesoammenaaszresoanennnumennenavescunm enna ecnenannveneenivaasceunrenunreonuecteansenoeesned 4 ABSTRACT siisscassncscsemncnuecennvnncrsinecnvencnas aren ananmanrnrne ema uar TR 5 CHAPTER 1 LR KD LJ CC HO Nhac y5u224115084g01686113NcEEE13-40000GS85632453 16-0 nasa Seat eR 6 Non. 6 l2: (ẬẲHssiawesdsdoesdinniiDieniiiiADGEDAEI4100910055090044091S851S00L5X134490319S0IS413093591945390193139328913060391199879568 § lộ, - QUISEHVESnearnsagasernsdiadrbiODODUEGSLIEHIMMEIASUHINQIAUIGHONIDERRISHRRHSEERHUGNROSVNNGSIRRRRHBSURG 8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIE W.
LH HH TH TH HT HT HT Hư 9 Dol, ROd ĐAlHfiốilESBASEGERNHURIGusaoenamddnnndididunondpndlidindidbisaodthaositeaidvausdiekolilBesesagmdieneoisôdfed 9 21s. Réd palm 01) vsswsnsisteannvarinnnimuraa enc inate 9 3. Red palin oil extraction sesceccsstns66566811580506301358556618885330438855538ESE543205615E645ES5SE/306408388G8318. 10 BED, — THHUNIOÍbi¿sossusunsnsoaoiieorioinitisosnuiisiesebvodiBii6fAS/074880064649u8i63020ã2ci800n5ui03ugnj6aã0gđSumststiSlGletSbslawEsfluEm 13 2:3.
Hiph-Pressure Homopenization PTOCESS.S0SĐASEASUEM 16 2:5, PlantbasedstarclsssssssssespassnsasanooondttirsidrdddsDleDAEELSLDSESEEEDISSESG3030114551301481599/383992138 20 25:1, - JPO(RIORSIREEHsszxsaoaggrttointiiGEDOIIROGGUEIRSGEEAAGGISGSSESEHIBSEEEEERHERNIGNUSIHHGIADMEGUEURMR 20 "ta. 22 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS ssssiesessescannecroenesescnnsenrerravrnnnucnneasinaeserenaeerseesey 24 Bil; - Material Siassccscusvamanrmeaninem nance anne near eumranre aR 24 3. Red palm oil-based emulsion pDr€parafiOII.2, Préeparationof starch-based emulsion ĐEÏssssssasseaodiedodiooioislloeddrodlisailstedtloasteasstoe 25 3. Investigation of the different formulations for red palm oil starch-based emulsion gel.
_ Investigating the selected optimum emulsion gel during storage. Statistical aaly sis wcssssscscssssesesenennessemnnrenrsenseevrensmrneainveemennomnmerrasaeoeeens 27 CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION song Ra nh HH Đi Là 81A S45018290556113455G01/38144858 28 4. Investigation of the different formulations for red palm oil starch-based emulsion gel. Water Holding Capacity and Water ACLVIẨY.
LH HH “HH HH H4 2n 35 4. Investigating the selected optimum emulsion gel during storage. Wisual ZDfiEafaifoe:0EeiSÍOH'EBÌSsescoiesi:3öc0gi06GIESEDSELGSXSDGISIERSSPEEGEHEEEgSiESi4SEsiSERS 37 4. Scanning electron microscopy (SIEEM|).- --- tk TH HT HH 38 4.
Water holding Capacity bsseeseaosoioieviseL0109199015623L0033016093504141439155086/391851800433000402480900590sS6 40 4. Texture characteris te sr vercie bit g2 HRGEHSULEBIGIEIEBIEESIEEGRISGSEHGEIEVEGESISGEISHASRDERERĐSfS-idpiE 43 4. Potential application in plant-based che€€se.- --- -- c3 1v 1 9 19 1111 111118 12x re, 46 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIƠN.SẶ St te 49 Sl, CÔNG.USIONGassvassbsasdseotirotsoboltSsdiBliseyesidistdsnddteodiadtbfulitotvesienaytesedi 49 52, RECOMMENDATION cussseuossaaaiceoiasaoodtiioioiieioiliagloiSG03400466836524403S00039469040.40A63036Aaeg8d 49 KEEEREERNE S is csccssssanssenennsrona nnenin saad atk se vii hee nen Nea ARNOT 51 APPENDICES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS RPO: Red palm oil CPO: Crude palm oil EG: Emulsion gel EG 10%: Emulsion gel with 10% concentration of starch EG 15%: Emulsion gel with 15% concentration of starch EG 20%: Emulsion gel with 20% concentration of starch PS: Potato starch CS: Corn starch WPI: Whey Protein Isolated HPH: High Pressure Homogenization TPA: Texture Profile Analysis Aw: Water activity WHC: Water Holding Capacity LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Health benefits of phytonutrients found in red palm oIÏ.1 Water holding capacity (WHC) of emulsion gels of different concentrations and at different storage temperatures after 1 day of sfOraØe.2 Water holding capacity (WHC) of emulsion gel in different concentrations atid teifipEfaffeS ALLEL SOAVS Of SOTA LES sss ccssseenssuseenavecansrnxaenasmaannrenmenenanmausvarmnenn’ 42 Table 4.3 Water activity (ay) of emulsion gel in different concentrations and temperatures after 1 day of SfOFAØ€.4 Water activity of emulsion gels in different concentrations and temperatures after 30 40:01.5 Texture profile analysis (TPA) of emulsion gel in different concentrations and temperatures atter 1 day Of SON cá scsnissssasissenncasncexsamasnanevs swavarnanstannastaas cacteenncanee 44 Table 4.6 Texture profile analysis of emulsion gel in different concentrations and temperatures after 30 days Of Storage .7 Spreadability of emulsion gel in different concentrations and temperatures miter lida Ol SLOTEđĐE sat seme ceeeeatraures cic veras sca eee eae eRe 45 Table 4.8 Spreadability of emulsion gel in different concentrations and temperatures after 3U: daws @f SÍOTĐĐibicscscssoi con euccactaassnscteadvancersenansqunauaneencantuems <eenseea tae apeeamaaeed46 Table 4.9 Ingredient list, and photographs, of dairy and plant-based products. 47 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Simple processing flowchart of red palm oil and refined, bleached and deodorized Palit Othe wicssecesweesneennnecemmmoneeeseamennennevaumemamenenenenasannenmencesenmnees 13 Figure 2.2 Summary of various methods, in which plant-based proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are used in the formation of plant-based emulsion gel.1 Gel appearance of emulsion gel at different concentrations and ratios between CS and PS: A) 100:0; B) 75:25; C)50:50; D) 25:75; E) 0:100.2 Texture profile analysis (TPA) of Emulsion gel with 10% concentration of starch in different ratios of CS and PS .3 Texture profile analysis (TPA) of emulsion gel with 15% concentration of starch in different ratios of CS and PS wo.
eee eeeseeeseesesseeseeseeseeseeeeeseeeeseeeeeseeeeeaeens 31 Figure 4.4 Texture profile analysis (TPA) of emulsion gel with 20% concentration of starch in different ratios of CS and PS. ng ng ng rưy 31 Figure 4.5 Spreadability of emulsion gel with 10% concentration of starch in different PALO SCS ANd BS xuonsbctsoagtadizlkSiaSug68Ä05g:0ã308,l55E88g5ã8u8ã:40:g83G2608ãS0g5303885g883ö18003:G882ãx/85Si25800:563G00034Ex 33 Figure 4.6 Spreadability of emulsion gel with 15% concentration of starch in different TAUOS'CS BNE PS wescercesmreasusesenvaansnstemstae raven we ames snete woul volnls gE1880S8300183/8889883/3Ba88088p05i88108 34 Figure 4.7 Spreadability of emulsion gel with 20% concentration of starch in different ratios CS and PS siresnnemenesmwnss ewer eemman arene 34 Figure 4.8 The water activity of emulsion gel in different concentrations and ratios between: CS and PS cecrcscnmssseseuescuseamanrnueaeeacmasae eer ecReEE eT ES 36 Figure 4.9 The water holding capacity of emulsion gel in different concentrations and ratios between CS atid PS ¡unesosoaneinni00116604154164598864019383011631831181833) 6143154 0885113483688 36 Figure 4.11 Visual appearance of emulsion gel in different concentrations and temperatures after30 daysofst0rate nnn memnmnmnnenninendieecntermminneninowns 38 Figure 4.10 Visual appearance of emulsion gel in different concentrations and temperatures aiter 1. day-of storage’ sisceescsacnnsercwetgenwamaeneddewensemesmarentinnes 38 Figure 4.12 SEM images of emulsion gels after 1 day of storage: (A) EG 10% at 4°C; (B) EG 10% at 25°C; (C) EG 15% at 4°C; (D) EG 15% at 259C.13 SEM images of emulsion gels after 30 days of storage: (A) EG 10% at 4°C; (B) EG 10% at 25°C; (C) EG 15% at 4°C; (D) EG 15% at 259C.14 Micrograph of emulsion gel after 30 days of storage: (A) EG 15% (75PS:25CS) at 4°C under ultrasonic treatment; (B) EG 15% (75PS:25CS) at 4°C without ultrasonic ff€afIT€TIÍ.- --- c6 2c 3263351151153 1123 1218511511511 11 11 811 01 1 rệt 40 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to demonstrate my gratitude to the Deans of the Faculty of Food Science and Technology at Nong Lam University and Universiti Putra Malaysia for allowing me to complete my final year project in Malaysia. I could not complete my journey without the support and encouragement of my supervisors, Prof.
Tan Chin Ping and Dr. Tan Tai Boon, for giving me a chance to work and study in the Fats and Oil Laboratory. In addition, I am deeply thankful to Dr. Tan Tai Boon for his invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my research at UPM.
His knowledge and experience were invaluable in helping me in both my adjustment to living overseas and in my final year project. Moreover, I also received support from my Vietnamese instructor — Assoc Prof. Kha Chan Tuyen. His advice and guidance led me to complete this project.
A special thanks to Dr. Khor Yih Phing and the Food 5 members — Thong Shuen, Li Ann, Somayeh, Atikah, Wana, Khai Yi, and Ming Yang, who supported me and my classmate throughout the time we did the research at UPM. They were always willing to guide us on how to use the machines in the lab and share the most advanced knowledge in the field to do my research. Thanks to the Food 5, Food 3, and IBS officers who created conditions for me to use the equipment for my graduation thesis.
Lastly, I am grateful to my family, who raised and supported me. Their belief me has kept my spirits and motivation high during this process. ABSTRACT The advancement In using plant-based emulsion gel for low-fat products or vehicles to deliver functional food ingredients via encapsulation is currently noteworthy. The study presents the fabrication of an emulsion gel from red palm oil (RPO) combined with the mixture of corn starch (CS) and potato starch (PS) as the gelling agents.
This study investigated the effects of the concentrations of plant-based starch complex, the ratio between CS, PS, and temperature in fabricating the emulsion gel with RPO. The effect of different concentrations, ratios of CS and PS on the water activity, water holding capacity (WHC), texture (assessed through texture profile analysis and spreadability), and microstructure observation using scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, the optimum formulations was selected for storage study for a period of 30 days at 4°C and 25°C to evaluate their storage. Based on the result, the emulsion gel with a ratio of 75% PS and 25% CS exhibited favorable physical properties.
At this ratio, three different concentrations of plant-based starch (10, 15, and 20%) also yielded satisfactory results after one night of storage. The water-holding capacity and textural properties of the emulsion gel contained 15% of plant-based starch showed no significant difference (p>0.05) when stored at 4°C. However, the result indicated that a significant decrease in the physical properties of the emulsion gel stored at 25°C (p<0.05), especially WHC and textural properties. These findings justified the potential of CS and PS complexes in forming emulsion gel and their promising applications in various food sectors.
Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that this research did not employ any preservatives during the storage period, leading to biochemical changes in the samples that could affect their physical properties. Therefore, the addition of preservatives is recommended for further research. Keywords: Red palm oil; Corn starch; Potato starch; physical properties; Emulsion gel; Whey protein isolate; Water holding capacity. Introduction Recently, there has been a growing demand for reduced-fat food products, driven by the need to address diet-related diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
Within the food industry, emulsion gels play a significant role in creating desired texture or sensory experiences for fat-reduced food products, as well as serving as vehicles for delivering functional food ingredients via encapsulation. Emulsion gels combined elements of both emulsions and hydrogels, forming semi-solid systems with a gel network structure that typically contains dispersed oil droplets. These gels exhibit gel- like characteristics, including: (i) a high concentration of oil droplets of closely packed; (11) strong attractive interactions between these oil droplets; and (iii) the presence of a three-dimensional network within the aqueous phase (Hu, Li, Tan, McClements, and Wang (2022)). Animal fats contain many medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and cholesterols, which may cause metabolic disorders if consumed beyond the daily requirement.
Consequently, substituting of animal fats with vegetable oils in meat products has gained popularity. Vegetable oils offer monosaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and fewer SFAs. Palm fruit stands out as one of the most economically significant crops in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand because of its high productivity and the excellent functional properties of the oil (Tan et al. Red palm oil (RPO) is particularly noteworthy as a rich source of phytonutrients such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol (Loganathan, Subramaniam, Radhakrishnan, Choo, and Teng (2017)).
Recent research has 6 increasingly focused on the antioxidant properties of carotenoids (as provitamin A) and Vitamin E in RPO. The fatty acid composition of RPO is well-balanced, comprising approximately 50% saturated fatty acids, 40% monosaturated, and 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ayeleso, Oguntibeju, and Brooks (2012)). The distinctive characteristics of RPO, including low levels of free fatty acids and high levels of carotene, particularly beta- and alpha-carotene. As a natural polysaccharide, starch can be used as a thickening, texturizing, gelling, and stabilizing ingredient in emulsions due to its many functional properties.