VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES ____________________ IMPROVING ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILLS FOR B-LEVELLED CANDIDATES AT THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTRE OF THE HCMC UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) Submitted by NGUYEÃN THÒ LEÄ HAÈNG Supervisor ÑOAØN HUEÄ DUNG (Ph.D) Ho Chi Minh City, 2006 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that this thesis entitled “IMPROVING ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILLS FOR B-LEVELLED CANDIDATES AT THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTRE OF THE HCMC UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES ” is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other institution. Ho Chi Minh City, October 16, 2006 Nguyeãn Thò Leä Haèng i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Ñoaøn Hueä Dung, who has provided me with useful advice and great encouragement.
Without her guidance, I would not have been able to fulfill this thesis. I am particularly grateful to Dr. Toâ Minh Thanh whose comments and criticisms are of great assistance to me in carrying out this study. I extremely appreciate the help of the teachers and the authorities at the USSH FLC who have given me valuable information to carry out the study.
My special thanks are also for my family and my friends for their love, care and support that helped me complete my study and particularly, this thesis. ii ABSTRACT Inspired by the situation problem that learners for B-levelled certificate have acquired low level of oral proficiency and unsatisfactory results in the oral section of the B-levelled national test, this thesis aims at investigating the issues of teaching, learning and testing of speaking skills at the Foreign Language Centre of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities (USSH FLC). The study employed a document search and a survey with the participation of 125 learners and 15 teachers and oral examiners before and after the national test held at the USSH FLC in August 28, 2005. Data collected from the learners’ questionnaire and the teachers and oral examiners’ follow-up interviews were triangulated and analysed.
The findings revealed that: (1) the teaching of speaking skills was not considered essential as shown by the teachers’ limited investment of time in teaching the skills; (2) the prevailing method of teaching employed was traditional with limited grouped interaction and communicative speaking activities; (3) learners showed a lack of strong motivation and self-practice and (4) there was a lack of efficient grading instruments and proper testing procedures in the administration of the B-levelled oral test to ensure its validity, reliability and backwash effect on the teaching and learning of speaking skills for the B- levelled certificate. Based on the above findings, feasible recommendations were made with an effort to contribute to the improvement of teaching and learning of speaking skills at the intermediate level (B level) and to the enhancement of beneficial backwash of the B oral test on the teaching and learning of the same skills. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality. iii Table of contents .iv List of tables .v List of figures .1 THE SITUATION PROBLEM .2 THE AIMS OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS .3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .4 LIMITATION AND DELIMITATION .5 OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTERS .4 Chapter 1: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY.1 LANGUAGE COURSES FOR THE B CERTIFICATE .3 LEARNERS’ AND TEACHERS’ PROFILES .5 THE A, B, C NATIONAL TEST IN ENGLISH.6 ASSESSMENT OF THE B-LEVELLED ORAL TEST.11 iv Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL COMPETENCE IN A SECOND OR FOREIGN LANGUAGE .1 Communicative language competence .2 Comprehensive input and comprehensive output .3 Communication in the classroom.1 What is communication? .2 Role of communication in the classroom .3 Teacher-learner interaction — Teachers’ talk and questions in the target language.4 Learner-learner interaction – paired and grouped interaction .4 Fluency and accuracy activities .5 Motivation and its role in language learning .2 SOME CRUCIAL ISSUES IN TESTING AND TESTING OF ORAL PROFICIENCY COMMUNICATIVELY .1 Test types — Achievement tests and proficiency tests .2 Effect of testing on teaching and learning – Backwash or washback .3 Communicative Language Testing.4 Basic concepts in test design — Qualities of a communicative test .1 The learner subjects .2 The teacher subjects (also the oral examiners) .1 Questionnaires for the learner subjects.2 Follow-up interviews for the teacher subjects and oral examiners.3 Data Collection Procedures .43 Chapter 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS .1 LEARNERS’ RESPONSES TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE .1 Learners’ attitudes towards learning how to speak in English .2 Learners’ mode of motivation in learning English .3 Learners’ participation in English classrooms .2 Patterns of classroom interaction.3 Employment of speaking activities in the practice stage .4 Learners’ difficulties in practicing speaking English .5 Learners’ self practice of speaking skills outside the classroom .6 Summary of the findings from the learners’ questionnaire .2 RESPONSES FROM THE FOLLOW-UP INTERVIEWS WITH TEACHERS .1 Interviews with teachers about the teaching of speaking skills .2 Summary on teachers’ interview.3 RESPONSES FROM THE FOLLOW-UP INTERVIEWS WITH ORAL EXAMINERS .4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS .70 vi Chapter 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS .1 MOVING TOWARDS COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT).1 Change of teaching materials .2 Training of teachers for CLT .3 Reassignment of teachers to be exclusively in charge of teaching speaking.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHERS .1 Arousing learners’ intrinsic motivation .2 Building rapport among learners as well as between teachers and learners.3 Maximising grouped interaction .4 Conducting more communicative speaking activities .3 SUGGESTIONS FOR LEARNERS .1 Taping learners’ own talks.2 Joining speaking clubs .3 Chatting on-line.4 UPGRADING THE B-LEVELLED CERTIFICATE TO CREATE BENEFICIAL BACKWASH ON THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF SPEAKING SKILLS FOR B-LEVELLED LEARNERS .1 Building awareness of the aims and objectives of the B-levelled oral test .2 Careful planning and conducting oral tests .1 Availability of oral examiners .2 Availability of time .3 Training oral examiners on elicitation procedures and grading process .88 vii APPENDICES Appendix 1A Learners’ questionnaire (in Vietnamese).
I Appendix 1B Learners’ questionnaire (in English translation). III Appendix 2A Teachers’ interview questions (in Vietnamese). IV Appendix 2B Teachers’ interview questions (in English translation). IV Appendix 3A Oral examiners’ interview questions (in Vietnamese).
V Appendix 3B Oral examiners’ interview questions (English translation). V Appendix 4 A sample of lesson unit of the Streamline English Destination- Student’s book. V Appendix 5 A sample of lesson plan of the Streamline English Destination- Teacher’s edition. VI Appendix 6 Examples of communicative speaking activities .VII Appendix 7 Blueprint for assessing B-levelled candidates – USSH FLC.
X Appendix 8 Ranking chart of the B-levelled national test and other national tests and international test.XV Appendix 9 A sample of oral topics at the B-levelled oral test.XV Appendix 10 Results of the B-levelled oral test on August 28, 2005. XVI viii LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 4 Table 4.1 Learners’ attitudes towards learning how to speak English.2a Learners’ extrinsic motivation.2b Learners’ intrinsic motivation.3 Frequency of class attendance.4 Patterns of classroom interaction.5 Employment of speaking activities in the classroom.6 Learners’ difficulties in practicing speaking English .7 Learners’ self practice of speaking skills outside the classroom. 59 ix LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 Language class seating arrangement .1 Learners’ attitude towards learning to speak English .3 Frequency of class attendance.4 Patterns of classroom interaction.5 Employment of speaking activities in the classroom.6 Learners’ difficulties in practising speaking English.7 Learners’ self-practice of speaking skills outside the classroom. 60 x ABBREVIATIONS BA : Bachelor of Arts CUP : Cambridge University Press OUP : Oxford University Press FLC : Foreign Language Center HCMC : Ho Chi Minh City MA : Master of Arts TESOL : Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages USSH : University of Social Sciences and Humanities USSH FLC : The Foreign Language Centre of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities xi INTRODUCTION This thesis investigates crucial problems in teaching, learning and testing of speaking skills at the Foreign Language Centre of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities (USSH FLC).
This introductory chapter briefly presents the situation that inspires the researcher to carry out this research, the overall aims and the research questions that guide the study, the theoretical and practical significance of the study and its limitation and delimitation.1 THE SITUATION PROBLEM It is obvious that in the past twenty years, learning English has become more and more popular in Vietnam, especially in Ho Chi Minh City. English is a compulsory subject in public schools and also in almost all colleges and universities. As English is seen as a passport to a more successful future — more career opportunities, prospects and a means of international communication, people seek different ways to learn and improve their English. Hundreds of foreign language centres have mushroomed in Ho Chi Mink City to provide eager learners with alternative places for learning English apart from traditional public schools.
People learn English for different purposes. To many people, the ultimate purpose is to obtain a certified recognition of their proficiency in English, a reward for their effort. Therefore, most foreign language centres in Vietnam offer learners the very common tests — the A, B, C leveled national English tests of pre-intermediate, intermediate and advanced levels respectively. It is commonly known that with the B-levelled certificate from a foreign language centre in Vietnam, the certificate holders can meet certain requirements from a would-be 1 employer.
That is the reason why the B-levelled certificate becomes very popular. Although the role of oral ability together with the testing of oral proficiency have been among the most important issues since the advent of communicative language teaching (Nakamura, 1993), reaching the target of communicating freely and naturally seems out of reach for quite a number of B- levelled certificate holders. A quick review of the results of the oral test at B- level from 6 recruitments in 2004 and 5 recruitments in 2005 at the Foreign Language Centre of the USSH (USSH FLC) shows that there were only about 60% of candidates who passed the oral test. However, nearly 50% of them received a rather low results of only 5 and 6 out of the maximum 10 marks.
In addition, many people are doubtful of the validity of the B-levelled certificates despite the fact that there are quite a number of certificate holders, it is also said that many people who obtain B certificates in English are still unable to communicate well in English. It is extremely difficult for them to start and hold a conversation with native speakers. To many B-holders, expressing their own views in English on a common, daily theme still seems to be a pain-taking process. To sum up, there is an urgent need (1) to investigate problems concerning the teaching, learning and testing of speaking skills for the learners of the B-level certificate and (2) to seek for possible solutions for the mentioned problems.2 THE AIMS OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study aims to find out the reason(s) why learners at the USSH FLC receive unsatisfactory results in the B-levelled oral test test and have low proficiency in oral communication and to provide recommendations for 2 improvement of the teaching, learning and testing of speaking skills at the USSH FLC.
There are five research questions which guide this study: (1) How are learners motivated to learn English and speaking skills? (2) What difficulties teachers and learners face in the teaching and learning of speaking skills? (3) How do learners manage to improve their English speaking skills? (4) What is the prevailing method of teaching speaking skills in the USSH FLC classrooms? (5) How is the B-levelled oral test administered? 0.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study advocates the theoretical background of communicative language teaching in the field of teaching speaking skills. Findings from the study hopefully reflect a full view of the teaching and learning and testing situation of speaking skills at the USSH FLC.