THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY FULL NAME HOANG THI THUY DUONG Topic title: THE EFFECTS OF CARBARYL ON GROWTH OF IPOMOEA AQUATICA AND EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES BACHELOR THESIS Study mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : 2014 – 2018 Thai Nguyen 15/09/2018 h Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Hoang Thi Thuy Duong Student ID DTN145429006 Thesis Title The effects of carbaryl on growth of Ipomoea aquatica and Eichhornia crassipes Supervisors Prof. Dang Van Minh Supervisor’s signature Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of carbaryl, which is one kind of carbamate insecticide, on the growth of two aquatic plant species Ipomoea aquatica and Eichhornia crassipes. Both of aquatic plant species were treated with four different concentrations of carbaryl (0, 0. Carbaryl levels in the water and plants were tested before and after experiment by using a test kits.
During the experiment morphological changes of the plants were observed and recorded. To determine the growth of plants, the fresh weight, height and root were recorded before and after experiment. The plants were dried by using freeze dryer. Then dry weight was measured, after that the chlorophyll in plants tissue were measured by using extraction of dry leaves.
The results show that the fresh weight, Relative Growth Rate and the chlorophyll content of the treated plants decreased with increasing concentrations of carbaryl. Carbaryl concentration in water decreased and then was no longer at the end of experiment while cabaryl concentration of plant increased significantly. Moreover, chlorosis and necrosis occurred at the leaf margin of the treated plants, and then they extended into the inner portion of the leaf blade. Finally, the leaves decayed and the plants died.
These visible sign occurred in E.crassipes faster than those in I. Thus, Carbaryl can moderate the growth of these aquatic plants and E. crassipes is more sensitive with carbaryl than I. Key words Pesticide, carbaryl, growth, Ipomoea aquatica, Eichhornia crassipes.
Number of 51 pages pages 2 h Date of 15/10/2018 Submission: 3 h ACKNOWLEDGES I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the teachers and staffs of the Faculty of Environmental Science and Management - Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry. I would like to thank the International Education Program at Thai Nguyen University as well as the International College of Digital Innovation at the Thai Royal for giving me the opportunity and the extremely favorable conditions for me to do this thesis in Thailand. I would like to send special sincerely thanks to Prof. Dang Van Minh, my supervisor at Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam, as well as Assoc.
Arunothai Jampeetong, my adviser at Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, who are always willing to teach me a lot of knowledge, working skills, helping me in study and follow me throughout the course of this thesis. Nevertheless, I would like to acknowledge the head as well as graduate student of Post-harvest laboratory of the Biology department, Chiang Mai University, Thailand for technical equipment and their kind helps to run the process of this research work. I would like to thank Mr. Pakawat Janyasupab and Ms.
Munutsawan Manokieng for helping me to collect plants, water sample and analysis data. Hoang Thi Thuy Duong 4 h CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGES.iv LIST OF FIGURES.vi LIST OF TABLE.vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.3 Research questions and hypotheses.4 PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW. Effect of Carbaryl.13 PART III: MATERIALS AND METHOD.21 PART IV: RESULT AND DISSCUSION.42 5 h LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Pathways of pesticide spread in the environment Figure 2: UV spectra and structural formula of carbaryl Figure 3: Ipomoea aquatica Figure 4: Eichhornia crassipes Figure 5: Average fresh weight changes of I. crassipes Figure 6: RGRs (relative growth rate) of I.
Figure 7: SERs of I. Figure 8: Compare 4 plants of I. crasspes plants (8b) at 4 different treatments (1.0g/l carbaryl ) Figure 9: Chloropyll in leaves tissue of I. crassipes (9b) Figure 10: Carbaryl concentration in water and plants before and after experiment 6 h LIST OF TABLE Table 1: Leaves injury of I.
crassipes plants after experiment Table 2: Roots of I.crassipes after experiment Table 3: Standard color Table 4: The roots of I.crassipes after experiment 7 h LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS RGRs: The Relative Growth Rate SERs: Shoot Elongation Rate SE: Standard Error 8 h PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Thailand is an agricultural country, with hot and humid tropical climates, which is a favorable condition to the development of agricultural crops, but it is also conducive to the emergence and growth of pests, weeds damage crops. Therefore, along with chemical fertilizers, the use of pesticides for pest and disease control, preservation of national food security remains an important and essential measure. Chemical pesticides have been used extensively since the early 1958 to kill pests, insect pests and crop protection. Since then, pesticides are still associated with the progress of industrial production, scale, number and type are increasing.
But the presence of pesticide residues and metabolites in food, water and soil currently represents one of the major issues for the environmental chemistry. Pesticides are the most important environmental pollutants because of their increasing use in agriculture (Food and Agricuture Organization, 1993). Among the pesticides, organophosphate and carbamate species have been used extensively because of their high insecticidal activity and relatively low persistence (American Public Health Association, 1999). As an example, carbamate insecticides are widely used for the protection of fruits, crops, forests and livestock.
In particular, carbaryl (SEVIN, lnaphthyl-N- methylcarbamate) has been extensively used against many agricultural pest. It has been commonly judged to have moderate to low mammalian toxicity. Carbaryl is highly susceptible to chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation, leading to several 9 h metabolites, mainly 1-naphthol, which does not accumulate in the body. However, some adverse effects have also been reported including alterations of liver microsomal enzymes, sub-chronic neurotoxicity after long term exposure and changes in the immunological function in in vitro culture (Geneva, 1994).
For this reason, a number of analytical procedures have been employed to monitor carbamate pesticides and to determine their concentrations. Many of these determination methods are though accurate and selective, but require relatively expensive instrumentation, relatively more time and make use of higher toxic organic reagents. So, a problem is how can people know that the water is contaminated by carbaryl without advance equipment? The aquatic plants was consider as an alternative way because they have various levels of resistance to insecticides and can be used as bio-indicators that can indicate the quality of water resources. For this reason, “The effects of carbaryl on growth of Ipomoea aquatica and Eichhornia crassipes’’ were investigated.2 Research’s objectives The main goal of the study is to investigate the influence of Carbaryl on I.
crassipes in each stage of development and compare the respond ability with Carbaryl of these two aquatic plants. Research’s results might provide valuable information to the protection of the agricultural environment and public health.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1. Questions How carbaryl impact on the growth of aquatic plants? How carbaryl effect on morphology of aquatic plants? Which kinds of plants have more sensitive with carbaryl? 1. Hypothesis Carbaryl could decrease the growth of I.
crassipes is more sensitive with carbaryl than I.4 Limitation Although this research was carefully prepared, I am still aware of its limitations and shortcomings. First of all, the research was conducted in the two types of aquatic plants which have lasted for four months. Four months is not enough for the researcher to observe all of the growth of these plants. It would be better if it was done in a longer time.
Second, the population of the experimental group is small, only 100 I. crassipes plants and might not represent the majority of the plants. In addition, since the assessment of the pre toxic and post toxic was conducted by observer, it is unavoidable that in this study, certain degree of subjectivity can be found.5 Definition 11 h Pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest Carbaryl is one type of carbamate compound. Its structure comprises of ary1 N- methylcarbamate esters of phenols.
Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater) 12 h PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Pesticides According to Phillip L. Spector Regulations of Pesticides by the Environmental Protection Agency (1976), the government body that regulates pesticides in the U., a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. Though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests.
Pesticides also include plant regulators, defoliants and desiccants. Pesticides are often grouped into "families" because they share similar chemical properties, or they act on the pest in the same way. A pesticide product may have active ingredients from more than one chemical family. Some common families include: Organophosphates are usually made from phosphoric acid.
Most organophosphates are insecticides. They control pests by acting on the nervous system (for example, the pesticide interferes with nerve-impulse transmissions by disrupting the enzyme (cholinesterase) that regulates acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter)).With a few exceptions, most are highly toxic. Organophosphates are used because they are less persistent (breakdown faster) in soil, food or feed for animals than other families, such as organochlorine pesticides. However many are being phased-out or 13 h used only in critical applications.
For examples chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, fenthion, malathion, naled, temephos and trichlorfon Organochlorines (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons): Controls pests by disrupting nerve-impulse transmission (disrupts ion flow at the axon/synapse level).Generally persistent in soil, food, and in human and animal bodies (does not breakdown quickly).They can accumulate in fatty tissues. Traditionally used for insect and mite control, but many are no longer used due to their ability to remain in the environment for a long time. Carbamates and Thiocarbamates are made from carbamic acid. Control pests by acting on the nervous system (interfere with nerve-impulse transmission by disrupting the enzyme (cholinesterase) that regulates acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter).In general, are less persistent in the environment than the organochlorine family.
Includes insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. The health hazard to humans and animals is mild with herbicides and fungicides, while greater with insecticides. For instance are Carbaryl (Banned in European countries, only certain uses will be cancelled in Canada due to concerns of health risks), Propoxur (some uses of this insecticide, such as control of mosquitoes, black flies, all indoor use except bait trays, are to be phased out in Canada), Methomyl (in Canada some uses are proposed to be cancelled), Carbofuran (limited use in Canada) (accoding to Pest Control Products Act (PCPA) and Regulations). Pesticides play an important role in ensuring good crop yields, but also carry a risk of toxic compounds entering the surrounding environment.
Pesticides are often 14 h found in rivers or streams but also in the groundwater. The risk of unwanted spread of pesticides to the environment is mainly related to cropping and spraying techniques and also to natural conditions and processes (climate, soil properties, etc. Some of the pesticides sprayed on fields can be transported to the surrounding land and water. Pesticides can be transported away in the air through wind drift and evaporation and then carried back to soil or water by rainfall.
Surface run-off and percolation of water to the drainage system can carry pesticides out into rivers and lakes. Leaching of water through the soil can carry pesticides down to the groundwater. Various spillages during handling can also lead to pesticides going astray into the environment (Fig.1 Pathways of pesticide spread in the environment (Source: Lennart Torstensson, 2016) 2. Carbaryl Carbaryl is one type of carbamate compound.
Its structure comprises of ary1 N- methylcarbamate esters of phenols (fig 2).