TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Tổng hợp xúc tác Cu/SAPO-34 bằng phương pháp plasma trong pha lỏng và đánh giá hiệu quả xử lý NOx cho phản ứng khử chọn lọc có xúc tác với NH3 ĐÀM LÊ QUỐC PHONG Phong.vn Ngành Kỹ thuật Hóa học Giảng viên hướng dẫn: PGS. Phạm Thanh Huyền Chữ ký của GVHD Viện: Kỹ thuật Hóa học HÀ NỘI, 07/2021 HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER THESIS Synthesis of Cu/SAPO-34 by plasma-in- liquid method and evaluation of this catalyst in NOx removal by NH3-SCR ĐÀM LÊ QUỐC PHONG Phong.vn School of Chemical Engineering Supervisor: Assoc. Phạm Thanh Huyền Signature School: Chemical Engineering HANOI, 07/2021 CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc BẢN XÁC NHẬN CHỈNH SỬA LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Họ và tên tác giả luận văn: Đàm Lê Quốc Phong Đề tài luận văn: Tổng hợp xúc tác Cu/SAPO-34 bằng phương pháp plasma trong pha lỏng và đánh giá hiệu quả xử lý NOx cho phản ứng khử chọn lọc có xúc tác với NH3 Chuyên ngành: Kỹ thuật hóa học Mã số SV: CB190121 Tác giả, Người hướng dẫn khoa học và Hội đồng chấm luận văn xác nhận tác giả đã sửa chữa, bổ sung luận văn theo biên bản họp Hội đồng ngày 05/08/2021 với các nội dung sau: 1. Bổ sung danh mục viết tắt 2.
Sửa chữa, bổ sung và giải thích rõ về kết quả nghiên cứu hấp phụ - nhả hấp phụ vật lý N2, TPD-NH3, và biện luận thêm về hoạt tính xúc tác. Sửa lại tiêu đề và bổ sung nội dung phần Kết Luận. Ngày tháng năm 2021 Giáo viên hướng dẫn Tác giả luận văn CHỦ TỊCH HỘI ĐỒNG Mẫu 1c ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN Tổng hợp xúc tác Cu/SAPO-34 bằng phương pháp plasma trong pha lỏng và đánh giá hiệu quả xử lý NOx cho phản ứng khử chọn lọc có xúc tác với NH3. Giáo viên hướng dẫn Ký và ghi rõ họ tên PGS.
Phạm Thanh Huyền Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to my supervisor Associate Professor Pham Thanh Huyen, School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, for her help, very much support and understanding during the master program. I would like to thank Associate Professor Camelia Miron, Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, for giving me the concept of my thesis as well as her unwavering support for conducting the experiments. I wish to express my appreciation to Professor Angelika Brückner, Department of In situ Catalytic Studies, Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, for her help and valuable discussions and suggestions during my time there. I would like to acknowledge Dr.
Jabor Rabeah and Dr. Vuong Thanh Huyen for their helpful guidance, the experience shared, and discussions during my research. I want to thank my group-mates M. Doan Anh Tuan and Nguyen Ngoc Khang who have been very supportive in every way.
I am grateful for the RoHan project for giving me a fantastic opportunity to visit Germany for studying. I also appreciate the financial support from Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Vietnam, throughout my master's program. Finally, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my family for their continuous encouragement, support, and understanding. Abstract Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides by ammonia over Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts is a promising technology for treating the exhaust gas from diesel engines.
The conventional route for preparing these catalysts is an aqueous ion-exchange method, which has the main disadvantage of being long time-consuming. To overcome this problem, in this master thesis, a plasma-in- liquid technique was used for the first time during the aqueous ion-exchange process to synthesize SAPO-34. The synthesis of Cu/SAPO-34 by the plasma-in-liquid method was studied on two types of SAPO-34 supports with different power sources of plasma. The obtained results showed that the plasma-in-liquid technique not only saved the synthesis time effectively but also enhanced the exchange capacity of the zeotype.
Apart from that, the samples treated by plasma showed similar characterization with the samples prepared by the conventional route. The catalytic activity of the prepared samples in removing NOx by NH3-SCR was tested. At high gas hour space velocity (GHSV), the performance of plasma- treated samples was also improved compared to that of samples prepared by the conventional route. However, when changing the condition of the SCR test to lower GHSV, the catalytic performance between samples prepared by plasma-in- liquid and aqueous ion-exchange was nearly the same.
To further understand the behavior of the catalysts during the reaction, the in-situ characterization by using EPR and DRIFTS was also carried out. It was found that the SCR reaction followed an Eley-Rideal mechanism when gaseous NO interacted with adsorbed NH3 and NH4+. Master student Dam Le Quoc Phong CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.1 NOx emissions and abatement .1 Introduction of NOx .2 Selective catalytic reduction of NOx by ammonia .3 Catalysts for NH3-SCR of NOx .2 Copper location in SAPO-34 .5 The synthesis methods of Cu/SAPO-34.1 Aqueous ion-exchange .2 Solid state ion-exchange .3 One-pot synthesis .4 Plasma-in-liquid .6 Mechanism of Cu/SAPO-34 for NH3-SCR of NOx .1 Synthesis of SAPO-34 .2 Synthesis of NH4/SAPO-34 .3 Synthesis of Cu/SAPO-34 by plasma-in-liquid .4 Synthesis of Cu/SAPO-34 by aqueous ion-exchange .2 NH3-SCR activity test .2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X- ray spectroscopy (EDS) .3 Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP- OES) .4 Temperature programmed desorption by ammonia (TPD-NH3) .6 Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy .7 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .3 In-situ characterization .4 Mechanism proposal of NH3-SCR over Cu/SAPO-34.
56 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS a. Arbitrary units AIE Aqueous ion-exchange AlPO Aluminophosphate BET Brunauer-Emmet-Teller CHA Chabazite D6R Double-6-ring DEA Diethylamine DOC Diesel oxidation catalyst DPA Dipropylamine DRIFTS Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy EDS Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EGR Euhaust gas recirculation EPR Electron paramagnetic resonance Eq. Equation E-R Eley-Rideal FE-SEM Field emission scanning electron microscopy GC Gas chromatography GHSV Gas hourly space velocity H2-TPR Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry L-H Langmuir-Hinshelwood LNT Lean NOx Trap MS Mass spectrometry NH3-SCR Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance MOR Morpholine PM Particulate matter SAPO Silicoaluminophosphate SEM Scanning electron microscope SDA Structure-directing agent SM Substitution mechanism SSIE Solid state ion-exchange TCD Thermal conductivity detector TEA Triethylamine TEAOH Tetraethylammonium hydroxide TEOS Tetraethyl orthosilicate TEPA Tetraethylenepentamine TMAdaOH N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantammonium hydroxide TPD Temperature-programmed desorption WHO World Health Organization wt.% Weight percentage XRD X-ray diffraction LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. Energy-related NOX emissions by region and sector, 2015.
Chabazite structure (a) double-6-ring cage (b) chabazite cage (c) interconnection between two chabazite cages. Copper sites in Cu/SAPO-34. Procedure of synthesizing SAPO-34. Procedure of preparing NH4/SAPO-34.
Schematic diagram of plasma-in-liquid reactor. Procedure of preparing Cu/SAPO-34 by plasma-in-liquid method. Procedure of preparing Cu/SAPO-34 by aqueous ion-exchange method. XRD diffractograms of Cu/SAPO-34 M.
FE-SEM images of (a) SAPO-34 M (b) NH4/SAPO-34 M (c1-c2) Cu/SAPO-34 M 0 (d1-d3) Cu/SAPO-34 M 600 (e1-e3) Cu/SAPO-34 M 1200. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of synthesized samples prepared by MOR/TEAOH. Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia of Cu/SAPO-34 M. (a) NOx (b) NH3 conversion of Cu/SAPO-34 M samples at GHSV =120000 h-1.
XRD diffractograms of the synthesized materials prepared by TEA/TEAOH. FE-SEM images of (a) SAPO-34 T, (b1-b2) NH4/SAPO-34 T, (c1- c3) Cu/SAPO-34 T 0, (d1-d3) Cu/SAPO-34 T 600, (e1-e3) Cu/SAPO-34 T 1200. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of synthesized samples. Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia of Cu/SAPO-34 T.
(a) NOx (b) NH3 conversion of Cu/SAPO-34 over NH3-SCR at GHSV = 120000 h-1. (a) NOx conversion (b) NH3 conversion (c) N2 selectivity and N2O formation of Cu/SAPO-34 over NH3-SCR at GHSV = 70,000 h-1. EPR spectra of Cu/SAPO-34 T 0 after pretreatment. In situ EPR spectra of Cu/SAPO-34 T 0 during the injection of (a) NO (b) NO + O2 (c) NH3 after NO adsorption.
In-situ DRIFTS spectrums of Cu/SAPO-34 T 0 in different conditions (a) NO (b) NO + O2 (c) NH3 after NO adsorption. In situ EPR spectra of Cu/SAPO-34 T 0 during (a) NH3 adsorption (b) NO reacted with pre-adsorbed NH3 (c) exposing to NO + O2 after NH3 adsorption. In situ DRIFTS spectra of Cu/SAPO-34 0 during (a) NH3 adsorption (b) NO reacted with pre-adsorbed NH3 (c) exposing to NO + O2 after NH3 adsorption. (a) Relative amount of Bronsted/ Lewis acid sites during NH3 injection between Process 1&2 (b) Integrate band area of 1620 cm-1 and 1457 cm-1 during Process 2.
EPR spectra of Cu/SAPO-34 T 1200 after pretreatment. In situ EPR spectrum of Cu/SAPO-34 T 1200 during the injection of (a) NO (b) NO + O2 (c) NH3 after NO adsorption. In-situ DRIFTS spectra of Cu/SAPO-34 T 1200 in different conditions (a) NO (b) NO + O2 (c) NH3 after NO adsorption. In situ EPR spectrums of Cu/SAPO-34 T 1200 during (a) NH3 adsorption (b) NO reacted with pre-adsorbed NH3 (c) exposing to NO + O2 after NH3 adsorption.
In-situ DRIFTS spectrums of Cu/SAPO-34 T 1200 in different conditions (a) NH3 (b) NH3 + NO (c) O2 after NH3 and NO. (a) Relative amount of Bronsted/ Lewis acid sites during NH3 injection between Process 1&2 (b) Integrate band area of 1620 cm-1 and 1457 cm-1 during Process 2. 53 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1. Templates used for SAPO-34 synthesis.
Code name of the samples. Element composition of the catalysts calculated by (a) EDS (b) ICP- OES. Specific surface area and pore volume of supports and catalysts. Acid properties of Cu/SAPO-34 M.
Element composition of the catalysts calculated by (a) EDS (b) ICP- OES. Specific surface area and pore volume of supports and catalysts. Acid properties of Cu/SAPO-34 T. 39 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVE Motivation Currently, the growth of the economy leads to an enormous demand for generating power and transportation.
The increase in the number of power plants, factories, and vehicles contributes to air pollution. Air pollutants exhausted from these sources consist of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, unburned hydrocarbon, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Among them, NOx, which are primarily exhausted from diesel engines, are regarded as the dominant pollutants of the atmosphere, because they cause not only many environmental problems, for example, acid rain, photochemical smog, ozone layer depletion, tropospheric ozone, but also various health problems for humans exposed to their high concentration. Therefore, strengthening the regulations to control NOx emissions along with carrying out research to reduce them are necessary tasks.
One of the most popular techniques to reduce NOx emission from combustion processes is a selective catalytic reduction with ammonia as the reducing agent (NH3-SCR). In term of the catalyst used for NH3-SCR process, recently, copper loading on small-pore materials have drawn remarkable attention due to their high yield of NOx removal and selectivity towards N2 in a wide range of temperature, while performing significant durability under hydrothermal conditions. Among these catalysts, copper-exchanged silicoaluminophosphate-34 (Cu/SAPO-34) showed considerable potential for applications due to the high NOx removal efficiency in low temperature, great hydrothermal durability as well as low cost of synthesis. Preparing the catalyst, particularly, loading metal to zeolites could be done by different methods, in which aqueous ion-exchange is widely applied due to its simplicity.
However, long time-consuming, and moderate efficiency are the main drawbacks of this method. To tackle these problems, there are some high-energy sources such as microwave and ultrasound that have been used during the ion- exchange process. Besides the application to reduce the time prepared, these additional sources can provide some other advantages, such as increasing ion- exchange capacity or dispersing the metal well. To the best of my knowledge, there has been no literature using plasma as an assistant technique for the ion- exchange process.