VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY TRINH MAI HOANG ANH SYNTHESIS OF VALUE-ADDED MATERIALS FROM DURIAN SHELL AND APPLICATIONS Major: Chemical Engineering Major code: 8520301 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, June 2024 THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED AT HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU-HCM Supervisor 1: Assoc. Lê Thị Kim Phụng Supervisor 2: Assoc. Trần Tấn Việt Examiner 1: Dr. Trần Phước Nhật Uyên Examiner 2: Dr.
Phạm Thị Hồng Phượng This master’s thesis is defended at HCM City University of Technology, VNU- HCM City on 24th June 2024. Master’s Thesis Committee: 1. Nguyễn Trường Sơn: Chairman 2. Phạm Hoàng Huy Phước Lợi: Secretary 3.
Trần Phước Nhật Uyên: Examiner 1 4. Phạm Thị Hồng Phượng: Examiner 2 5. Trần Tấn Việt: Commissioner Approval of the Chair of Master’s Thesis Committee and Dean of the Faculty of Chemical Engineering after the thesis is corrected (If any). CHAIR OF THESIS COMMITTEE DEAN OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Independence – Freedom – Happiness THE TASK SHEET OF MASTER’S THESIS Full name: Trịnh Mai Hoàng Anh Student ID: 2370063 Day of birth: 23/04/2000 Place of birth: Gia Lai Province Major: Chemical Engineering Major ID: 8520301 I.
THESIS TITLE (In Vietnamese): Chế tạo vật liệu gia tăng từ vỏ sầu riêng và ứng dụng. THESIS TITLE (In English): Synthesis of value-added materials from durian shell and applications. TASKS AND CONTENTS: - Fabrication of cobalt-doped biochar material with several conditions. - Evaluating Rhodamine B degradation ability of the synthesized cobalt-doped biochar under various synthesis conditions.
- Evaluating Rhodamine B degradation ability of the synthesized cobalt-doped biochar under numerous reaction conditions. THESIS START DATE: 01/2024 V. THESIS COMPLETION DATE: 05/2024 VI. Lê Thị Kim Phụng Assoc.
Trần Tấn Việt Ho Chi Minh City, 16th June 2024 HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR 1 SUPERVISOR 2 Assoc. Lê Thị Kim Phụng Assoc. Trần Tấn Việt DEAN OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING i ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, I would like to express sincere thanks to my supervisors, Assoc. Le Thi Kim Phung and Assoc.
Tran Tan Viet, for wholehearted support and assistance through my studies. I wish they would keep in touch with me in the future and continue giving valuable advice. I am deeply grateful to my instructor, MSc. Do Nguyen Hoang Nga, for her diligent oversight and constructive feedback, which played a crucial role in this thesis.
Her dedicated involvement in every step of the process has been instrumental to its success. Special appreciation goes to MSc. Tran Anh Khoi for his enthusiastic guidance from the outset of this project, always ready to assist with even the smallest queries. I extend my heartfelt thanks to all members of the Refinery and Petrochemical Technology Research Center (RPTC) – Chi Huong, Anh Luon, Anh Viet, Anh Co, Tuyen, Huy, Oanh, Duyen, and Trieu – for their unwavering support, sharing of knowledge, and dedication throughout this journey.
Your presence has been a constant source of strength and inspiration. I am also grateful to my dear friends Khanh, Thinh, An, Ha, Phong, Truong, Tin, and Phuoc, who stood by me during my five years at HCMUT. Their encouragement has made me more resilient and determined in my endeavors, and I sincerely thank them for their unwavering support. Additionally, I extend my thanks to all members of the Processes and Equipment Department and the Faculty of Chemical Engineering for enriching my knowledge and providing invaluable assistance with laboratory equipment and chemicals.
The foundational knowledge I acquired from them has been indispensable in completing this project and preparing for future endeavors. Last but not least, none of this would have been possible without the unconditional love and encouragement of my family. They have been my pillars of strength, especially during the most challenging times of my university journey. This dissertation is a testament to their boundless love and encouragement.
Trịnh Mai Hoàng Anh ii ABSTRACT The growing focus on sustainable development has prompted the exploration of value-added applications for agricultural waste streams. This study investigated cobalt-doped biochar (CoC) derived from durian shell – an abundant waste source in Southeast Asia – as a catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for treating organic pollutants in water. CoC was synthesized via hydrothermal and pyrolysis treatments and characterized to reveal its crystalline structure and porous morphology. Using rhodamine B (RhB) as a model pollutant, the study demonstrated that pyrolysis temperature and cobalt loading significantly enhance PMS activation.
The highest activation ability was achieved at a pyrolysis temperature of 350 °C and an initial cobalt concentration of 2 mmol/g. Various reaction conditions, including PMS concentration, catalyst dosage, initial RhB concentration, pH levels, temperature, and the presence of specific anions, were also examined. The catalyst exhibited remarkable activity, achieving up to 90% RhB removal (initial concentration 50 mg/L) within 30 min at pH 7. The CoC catalyst maintained excellent performance across a wide pH range of 3 to 9.
RhB degradation kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model with an activation energy of 46.52 kJ/mol, indicating the synergistic effect between Co3O4 and biochar matrix. Additionally, the presence of anions such as Cl–, HCO3–, CO32–, and SO42– in the solution influenced the efficiency of RhB removal. Proposed activation and oxidation mechanisms identified sulfate (SO4●–), hydroxyl (•OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2) radicals as key reactive species for efficient RhB degradation. The CoC catalyst demonstrated high stability and recyclability, maintaining a removal efficiency above 50% over eight consecutive cycles.
Among numerous dyes tested, removal efficiencies followed the order of RhB > Methyl orange > Congo red. This study suggests its potential for practical applications in the treatment of recalcitrant organic pollutants in water using PMS activation by heterogeneous catalysts. iii TÓM TẮT Mối quan tâm ngày càng tăng vào sự phát triển bền vững đã thúc đẩy việc khám phá ứng dụng các giá trị gia tăng cho các dòng chất thải nông nghiệp. Trong luận văn này, than sinh học pha tạp coban (CoC) có nguồn gốc từ vỏ sầu riêng – một nguồn phụ phẩm dồi dào ở Đông Nam Á – được nghiên cứu làm chất xúc tác kích hoạt peroxymonosulfate (PMS) để xử lý các chất ô nhiễm hữu cơ trong nước.
Vật liệu CoC được tổng hợp thông qua các phương pháp xử lý thủy nhiệt và nhiệt phân và được phân tích thông qua các phương pháp phân tích hiện đại, cho thấy cấu trúc tinh thể và hình thái xốp. Kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng các điều kiện tổng hợp bao gồm nhiệt độ nung và hàm lượng coban ban đầu ảnh hưởng đến khả năng phân hủy của rohdamine B (RhB). Khả năng kích hoạt PMS cao nhất của xúc tác được tổng hợp ở nhiệt độ nung 350 °C và nồng độ coban ban đầu là 2 mmol/g. Ngoài ra, các điều kiện phản ứng của xúc tác bao gồm ảnh hưởng của nồng độ PMS, hàm lượng xúc tác, nồng độ RhB ban đầu, ảnh hưởng của pH, ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ và sự có mặt của một số anion cũng được trình bày trong nghiên cứu này.
Vật liệu CoC thể hiện hoạt tính xúc tác vượt trội, đạt khả năng loại bỏ tới 90% RhB (với nồng độ ban đầu 50 mg/L) trong vòng 30 phút ở pH 7. Vật liệu duy trì hiệu suất cao trong phạm vi pH rộng từ 3 đến 9. Động học phân hủy RhB tuân theo mô hình giả bậc nhất với năng lượng kích hoạt là 46,52 kJ /mol, cho thấy tác dụng hiệp đồng giữa Co3O4 và nền than sinh học. Hơn nữa, sự có mặt của các anion như Cl–, HCO3–, CO32– và SO42– trong dung dịch ảnh hưởng đến hiệu quả loại bỏ RhB.
Cơ chế kích hoạt và các chất oxy hóa được đề xuất đã xác định các gốc sunfat (SO4●–), gốc hydroxyl (•OH) và oxy nhóm đơn (1O2) là các gốc phản ứng chính góp phần phân hủy RhB hiệu quả. Vật liệu CoC thể hiện tính chất ổn định và khả năng tái sử dụng cao, duy trì hiệu suất loại bỏ trên 50% trong 8 chu kỳ liên tiếp. Trong số các loại thuốc nhuộm khác nhau được thử nghiệm, hiệu suất loại bỏ tuân theo thứ tự RhB > Methyl orange > Congo red. Điều này cho thấy tiềm năng ứng dụng thực tế của vật liệu trong việc xử lý các chất ô nhiễm hữu cơ khó phân hủy trong nước bằng cách hoạt hóa PMS thông qua xúc tác dị thể.
iv GUARANTEE I hereby declare that I am the sole individual who was responsible for the workload in this thesis, under the supervision of Assoc. Le Thi Kim Phung and Assoc. Tran Tan Viet, at Refinery and Petrochemical Technology Research Center (RPTC), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM. The data and experimental results in this thesis were completely authentic and have not been published in any other dissertations of the same academic level.
If the above declaration is not true, I will take full responsibility for my thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, May 2024 Author Trinh Mai Hoang Anh v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT.iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. v LIST OF ABBREVIATION .vii LIST OF FIGURES. viii LIST OF TABLES.
Dye-containing wastewater. Advanced oxidation process. Research objectives and contents. Chemicals, experimental equipment, and instruments.
Material and chemicals. Experiment equipment and instruments. Catalytic activity experiments. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
Influence of operating conditions on RhB removal by Co-doped biochar. Influence of different reaction systems on RhB removal. Influence of reaction parameters on RhB removal by Co-doped biochar. Effect of catalysis dosage.
Effect of the PMS concentration. Effect of the RhB concentration. Effect of solution pH. Effect of reaction temperature.
Effect of anions. Identification of active radical species. Reusability and applicability of the catalyst in wastewater treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
75 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATION AOP Advanced oxidation process BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis CoC Cobalt doped biochar CoDA Cobalt–doped durian shell CR Congo red DA Durian EDS Energy–dispersive X-ray spectroscopy FT–IR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy MO Methyl orange pHZPC The pH at zero–point charge PMS Peroxymonosulfate RhB Rhodamine B ROS Reactive oxygen specie SEM Scanning electron microscopy SR–AOP Radical–based advanced oxidation process XRD X-ray diffraction analysis viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Vietnam durian farm [4].2 The structure of durian shell [7].3 Applications of biochar [7].4 Various categories of dyes and their possible industrial applications [27].5 Industrial sources of dyes wastewater [28].6 Chemical structure of RhB dye [32].7 Molecular structure of Oxone [46].8 Main methods for PMS activation [49].1 Durian shell pretreatment procedure.2 Cobalt-doped biochar catalyst preparation procedure.3 Field emission scanning electron microscopy (Model: Mira4, TESCAN).5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (Model: Alpha II, Bruker).8 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Model: X7000, Lavionbon).1 SEM images of white durian shell, DA, and CoDA at difference magnifications (a–c) x1000 and (d–f) x5000.2 Effect of pyrolysis temperature on morphology of catalyst.3 XRD patterns of DA, CoDA, and CoC-n.4 FT–IR spectra of DA, CoDA, and CoC-n.5 Influence of pyrolysis temperature of catalyst on RhB removal efficiency at (a) 25 mg/L and (b) 75 mg/L.6 Effect of initial cobalt concentration on morphology of catalyst.7 (a) XRD patterns and (b) FT–IR spectra of the catalyst with different initial cobalt content.8 Effect of initial cobalt concentration on RhB degradation.9 Effect of different systems on RhB degradation.10 Effect of catalyst dosage on RhB degradation.11 Effect of PMS concentration on RhB degradation.12 Effect of RhB concentration on RhB degradation.13 Relationship between lnK and lnCo.14 Effect of pH on RhB degradation.15 Determination of isoelectric point (pHPZC) of catalyst.16 Effect of reaction temperature on CoC/PMS system.17 Effect of reaction temperature on RhB degradation of PMS.