Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Anthropology Theses Department of Anthropology 4-22-2008 Movement Against Disaster: An Ethnography of Post-Katrina Volunteerism in the Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana Patrick W. Huff Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.edu/anthro_theses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Huff, Patrick W., "Movement Against Disaster: An Ethnography of Post-Katrina Volunteerism in the Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2008.edu/anthro_theses/24 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact scholarworks@gsu.
MOVEMENT AGAINST DISASTER: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF POST-KATRINA VOLUNTEERISM IN THE LOWER NINTH WARD OF NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA by PATRICK W. HUFF Under the Direction of Dr. Kozaitis ABSTRACT This thesis explores the experiences and practices of disaster relief volunteers. This thesis is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted over a period of fifty-three days in the summer of 2007 at the post-hurricane Katrina Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana.
Through innovative practices and a commitment to the principle of “solidarity not charity” volunteers produce not just material aid, but an ideology of social justice. This thesis is also an exercise in engaged scholarship in that the author directly participated in the disaster relief effort as a volunteer. INDEX WORDS: Hurricane Katrina, Volunteers, Lower Ninth Ward, Ethnography, Social Justice, Solidarity, Common Ground Collective, Relief MOVEMENT AGAINST DISASTER: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF POST-KATRINA VOLUNTEERISM IN THE LOWER NINTH WARD OF NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA by PATRICK W. HUFF A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts In the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2007 Copyright by Patrick Walker Huff 2008 MOVEMENT AGAINST DISASTER: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF POST-KATRINA VOLUNTEERISM IN THE LOWER NINTH WARD OF NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA by Patrick W.
Huff Committee Chair: Kathryn A. Kozaitis Committee: Kathryn A. Kozaitis Emanuela Guano Cassandra White Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2008 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated first and foremost to the victims and survivors of hurricane Katrina, to all those who believe that a better world is possible, and those struggling to make it so. Secondly, this thesis is dedicated to my wife without whom this work would not have been possible.
And finally, this thesis is dedicated to my parents: thanks for the freedom to explore. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge all the people who participated in the research for this study: my gratitude. I would also like to acknowledge all of the wonderful assistance and excellent instruction by the following professors: Kathryn A. Kozaitis, Emanuela Guano, Cassandra White, Gregory Gullette, Susan S.
McCombie, Jennifer Patico, and Frank L’Engle Williams. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Theory 3 Methods 7 Ethnographic Context 9 History 9 The Lower Ninth Ward Today 11 2 DISASTER, VULNERABILITY, AND RESPONSE 18 Emergence of Pro-social Behavior 23 Vulnerability: Human Rights, Gender, Race, Class 25 Socio-Cultural Movements 30 3 THE SHADOW STATE IN THE LOWER NINTH 39 Methods 40 Ethics 42 Theory 43 4 HANDS IN THE MUD, EYES TO THE SKY: THE VOLUNTEERS 54 Searching for Common Ground 58 Mr. Kay: An Accidental Hero 63 Billy and Chris: Transgender in the Crescent City 67 Anti-Racism Potlucks 71 vi Kevin: The Guerilla Relief Worker 76 Sean: An Introspective Anarchist 81 Anti-Imperialism Workshop 86 5 REWEAVING THE STRANDS OF THEORY: DISCUSSION 92 6 CONCLUSION 98 REFERECES 101 vii INTRODUCTION “Idlers do not make history: they suffer it!” — Peter Kropotkin “…The frontiers are my prison…” — Leonard Cohen One, of many, disturbing facets of life in New Orleans’ Lower Ninth Ward is the eerie silence that one experiences late at night. If not totally quiet the area certainly lacks the contextualizing sounds of an urban environment.
Gone is the collective hum of millions of electrical devices, microwave ovens, dishwashers, televisions, computers, radios, street lamps and porch lights. The car and truck engines can be heard mainly in the distance, across the canal, in the Upper Ninth Ward. Deep in the night the collective pulse of thousands of heartbeats and the rhythm of lives being lived and dreams being dreamed has mostly been replaced by the chirping of crickets, the croaking of frogs, buzzing of mosquito and the sound of wind moving through the tall grass that has sprung up in the ruins of homes and empty lots. In the warm humid darkness of a mid-summer night amongst the wreckage of generations, even the most committed volunteer is forced to wonder, despite all the sweat and toil, if this place can be rebuilt, can it really be done? This question crossed my mind more than once during my stay in the Lower Ninth Wards and it is a question that just about every relief worker with whom I spoke contemplated at one time or another.
In the aftermath of a disaster as extensive and encompassing as hurricane Katrina, almost everyone despairs. However, this work is not an account of despair, but rather this is an ethnography of hope founded on the possibilities embraced by the volunteers who came to New Orleans or rose from the wreckage to express solidarity through action with the survivors and victims of hurricane Katrina. 1 The disaster associated with hurricane Katrina was a complex interaction between raw nature, human negligence and historic inequity that created a needlessly tragic and deadly reckoning along the southern coastline of the United States. By now the story of hurricane Katrina is well known, at least in its broad outlines, if not its particulars.
In the immediate wake of the hurricane, those outside of the disaster zone not directly affected by the disaster, peered into the unfolding horror through the window of national and global television to see images of desolation and despair almost apocalyptic in magnitude. Those stranded along the gulf coast and in New Orleans witnessed the terrors of wind and water first hand and many will carry the burden of bearing witness to such events for the rest of their lives. In the hours, days, weeks and months that followed, as the winds abated and the waters slowly dissipated, people directly affected began to organize and take action; ultimately, through intense effort and agonizing heartbreak began the work of restoration. This research seeks to shed light on the conditions and context of the post-Katrina volunteer movement that sprang up almost immediately after the disaster to confront the harsh realities that now beset New Orleans, Louisiana.
This thesis utilizes several complementary theoretical positions with respect to issues of social action to better assess the post-Katrina volunteer phenomenon. This research is based on of participant-observation, interviews and utilizes a descriptive strategy. The research for this thesis was conducted over a period of fifty-three days in the summer of 2007 during the months of May, June and July. 2 Theory In her autobiographical discussion of the development and history of anthropological theory, Ortner (2006) points out a common thread running through a number of the most prominent theoretical schools of anthropological thought in middle of the twentieth century.
Ortner views Levi-Straussian structuralism, structural-functionalism, classical Marxism, and Geertz’s symbolic interactionalism all as theories of constraint. While accepting the importance of understanding constraining structures, she raises a crucial caveat that “…a purely constraint based theory, without attention to either human agency or to the processes that produce and reproduce those constraints—social practices—was coming to seem increasingly problematic” (2006:2). Society and culture, removed from human agency, is an abstraction, a mystification. Socio-cultural reality is created and sustained by human actors; it is something that is both immanent in and, because of its collectivity, transcendent of individual human agents.
A theory of constraining structure can only grasp the transcendent aspect of the socio-cultural realm. Philippe Bourgois’ (2003) work with crack dealers in East Harlem has been rightly praised as a powerful ethnographic account of the exercise of agency in resistance to dominant determining structural relations. However, Bourgois’ portrayal of the often self-destructive agency of inner city drug economy entrepreneurs is somewhat theoretically limited in that the resistance he describes is also limited to a form of agency that only seems to reproduce the cycle of crime and poverty. His crack capitalists fully accept the basic legitimacy of the ruling ideology of American life, the logic of capitalism.
However, their desperate attempts to comply with this ruling ideology only reinforce the conditions of their exclusion from mainstream society. As Bourgois notes, “through cultural practices of opposition, individuals shape the oppression that larger forces impose upon them” (2003:17). Their opposition allows them a sense 3 of personal dignity; thus they are not totally broken and ground down but neither are they liberated. However, their opposition is an immediate one, a tactical opposition, and not a strategic one.
They break the law in order to achieve the higher socio-cultural imperative of accumulating wealth and power. Ultimately such shaping offers little possibility for larger transformations. This thesis seeks to build on and extend work such as that of Bourgois and Ortner by examining forms of social action that not only resists hegemonic structures on a tactical level but are also strategic, and thus potentially culturally transformative. An emphasis must be placed on the potential of actors to transform their environments because until the action is accomplished, it only exists potentially.
This thesis examines lived processes of strategic construction and thus possibilities of transformation, not the final creation. New Orleans can be considered a frontier city in the heart of empire. Such a statement seems paradoxical. The frontier is always on the borders of empire, always sufficiently far from the cosmopolitan center of things.
However, there are, at least, two resolutions to this seeming paradox. One can accept, as this paper does somewhat critically, the argument that Hardt and Negri (2000) present that empire is today everywhere and thus has no center or periphery. An exploration of the rhetorical meanings of the frontier can be most helpful. Margins are settled and inactive.
Margins are the passive recipients of the flows from the center, drab areas, places of exile and abandonment. One might think of a Siberian gulag or, to use religious imagery, purgatory—a place lacking great passions. In contrast, a frontier is dynamic and is made so through the action of agents. The margin and frontier may indeed be the same geographic distances from the metropolis but in terms of political, social and cultural space they exist on opposite poles due to the transformative potential inherent in the frontier.
4 To use the notion of liminality posited by Turner (1967), the frontier represents a space where the normal rules do not apply; it is a place of metamorphosis where potentials and possibilities are either realized or denied. The frontier is a site of cultural transformations. While it is true that a large portion of the population of New Orleans has historically suffered under marginalizing structures of exclusion and domination, this is only a partial truth. Beyond whatever deeply historic and contemporary oppressive structures exist there is also the parallel existence of resistance.
Resistance has often taken the form of direct collective action and individual agency against subjugation. While margins are settled, the frontier is contested by the constant positioning and repositioning of individuals and groups in an on going struggle for either liberation or subjugation. In this way, post-Katrina New Orleans is a frontier in the heart of empire. While the Crescent City maintains many of its regressive and oppressive elements such as classist politics and racist policy, new structures and institutions have and are arising to meet the challenges of the post disaster environment.