MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATE THESIS THE IMPACT OF LIQUIDITY RISK ON BANK PROFITABILITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM LISTED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 BUI THI DIEM MI HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATE THESIS THE IMPACT OF LIQUIDITY RISK ON BANK PROFITABILITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM LISTED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 Student name: BUI THI DIEM MI Student code: 050608200090 Class: HQ8 – GE19 ADVISER Dr. NGUYEN TRUNG HIEU HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024 i ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the relationship between liquidity risk and bank profitability of listed commercial banks in Vietnam and consider additionally the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020-2021 on the relationship between liquidity risk and profitability of listed commercial banks in Vietnam. The data in this study is balanced panel data from the FiinPro-X platform of 26 listed commercial banks in Vietnam over the period 2012-2022. The System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) is used to analyze this relationship.
To examine the impact of liquidity risk on the profitability of listed commercial banks in Vietnam, the dependent variable is bank profitability, which is measured by return on equity (ROE). Independent variable is liquidity risk, which is measured by loan to deposit ratio (LTD). Besides that, the study also uses other control variables such as equity to total assets (ETA), bank size (SIZE), and macroeconomic variables, including GDP growth rate (GDP) and inflation rate (INF). In addition, the study also uses an interaction variable (LTDCOVID) to examine the research problem in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The findings suggest a positive correlation between liquidity risk and the profitability of listed commercial banks in Vietnam under normal conditions. Moreover, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the positive impact of liquidity risk on profitability increases. Additionally, other factors such as the lag of bank profitability, ETA, GDP, and INF significantly affect bank profitability, whereas SIZE shows an insignificant impact across both models. Based on the research findings, the author discusses the impact of liquidity risk on bank profitability of 26 listed commercial banks in Vietnam during 2012-2022 and proposes recommendations for relevant parties.
Keywords: liquidity risk; bank profitability; commercial banks; COVID-19; Vietnam; System GMM ii DECLARATION As the author of this thesis, I declare that the following are: Full name: Bui Thi Diem Mi Student class: HQ8 – GE19, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Ho Chi Minh University of Banking. Student code: 050608200090 I declare that the thesis with the title “The impact of liquidity risk on bank profitability: Empirical evidence from listed commercial banks in Vietnam” is the author’s own research work, the research results are truthful, and there is no content that has been previously published or content created by others except for properly cited citations in this thesis. The author undertakes to take full responsibility for this statement. Sincerely Ho Chi Minh City, April, 2024 Author Bui Thi Diem Mi iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to sincerely thank the teachers who are lecturers at Ho Chi Minh University of Banking with profound gratitude and sincerity.
These dedicated individuals have provided unwavering support, guidance, and imparted invaluable knowledge throughout my years of study at the university. I am also grateful for the opportunities they have created for me to undertake this research. I extend my deepest thanks to Dr. Nguyen Trung Hieu, who has assisted me directly, offering meticulous guidance in choosing my research topic, supporting research, and offering invaluable suggestions and encouragement, enabling me to complete my graduation thesis to the best of my abilities.
Finally, I sincerely thank my family, friends, and those who have consistently been by my side, offering encouragement, sharing, and providing additional resources to ensure my peace of mind in completing the graduation thesis. Due to my limited experience and knowledge, this thesis cannot avoid shortcomings. I sincerely hope to receive more valuable comments and help from teachers so that I can further improve this study. Sincerely Ho Chi Minh City, April, 2024 Author Bui Thi Diem Mi iv TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT.
III TABLE OF CONTENT. IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. VIII LIST OF TABLES. X LIST OF FIGURES.
REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE STUDY. THE SUBJECT AND SCOPE OF STUDY. Subject of the study. Scope of the study.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY. DISPOSITION OF THE STUDY .23 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF RELEVANT EMPIRICAL STUDIES.
REVIEW OF COMMERCIAL BANK LIQUIDITY. REVIEW OF COMMERCIAL BANK LIQUIDITY RISK. The definition of liquidity risk. Bank liquidity risk measurement methods.
REVIEW OF COMMERCIAL BANK PROFITABILITY. The definition of bank profitability. Bank profitability measurement. REVIEW OF RELEVANT THEORIES ABOUT THE IMPACT OF LIQUIDITY RISK ON BANK PROFITABILITY.
Market – Power theory (MP). Efficient - Structure theory (ES). Trade-off theory. A REVIEW OF RELEVANT EMPIRICAL STUDIES.
Review of international studies. Review of studies in Vietnam .55 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH MODEL AND METHODOLODY. DEVELOPING RESEARCH HYPOTHESES AND PROPOSED RESEARCH MODEL.
The variables in the model and the research hypotheses. The proposed research model. THE RESEARCH DATA. Description of data collection source.
Characteristics of the research sample. Descriptive statistics of research sample. Regression model estimation method. Regression defect testing.
Testing the appropriation of the GMM method .80 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. CORRELATION MATRIX ANALYSIS. REGRESSION DEFECT TESTING OF RESEARCH MODEL.
Endogenous and exogenous variables testing. THE RESULT OF THE SGMM REGRESSION ANALYSIS. The impact liquidity risk on profitability of listed commercial banks in Vietnam. The impact of COVID-19 on the relationship between liquidity risk and bank profitability of listed commercial banks in Vietnam.
SUMMARIZING AND DISCUSSING RESEARCH RESULTS .92 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. LIMITATIONS OF THIS THESIS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION. Limitations of this thesis.
Future research direction .110 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 5. I APPENDIX 1: 26 LISTED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE THESIS. IX APPENDIX 2: SUMMARY OF RELEVANT EMPIRICAL STUDIES. I APPENDIX 3: STATISTICS OF EXPECTED SIGNS OF VARIABLES IN THE RESEARCH MODEL.
XV APPENDIX 4: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC AND CORRELATION. XVIII APPENDIX 5: TESTING MODEL LIMITATIONS. XX APPENDIX 6: RESULTS OF SGMM METHOD. XXX APPENDIX 7: LIST OF FIGURES.
XXXIII APPENDIX 8: RESEARCH DATA. XXXV viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Number Acronym Meaning 1 BCBS The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 2 EPS Earnings per Share 3 FEM Fixed Effect Model 4 FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Squares 5 GMM Generalized method of moments 6 GDP Gross Domestic Product 7 HNX Hanoi Stock Exchange 8 HOSE Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange 9 INF Inflation 10 NIM Net interest margin 11 OLS Ordinary Least Square 12 REM Random Effect Model 13 ROA Return on Asset 14 ROE Return on Equity 15 SBV State Bank of Vietnam 16 SGMM System generalized method of moments 17 UPCOM Unlisted Public Company Market ix 18 VIF Variance Inflation Factor x LIST OF TABLES Table 3. Statistical results of variables used in the research model. Correlation coefficients between variables of research model.
Multicollinearity test of model 3. Wooldridge test of model 3. Modified Wald test of model 3. Endogenous and exogenous variables in model 3.
Endogenous and exogenous variables in model 3. The impact liquidity risk on profitability of listed commercial banks in Vietnam. The impact of COVID-19 on the relationship between liquidity risk and bank profitability of listed commercial banks in Vietnam. Comparison expectation result, the models before and after including interaction variables .93 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.
Synthesize the research hypotheses within the model. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 introduces the reasons for choosing the study and the study problem of the thesis. From the study problem, the thesis establishes specific study objectives and formulates study questions to address these objectives. This chapter also presents the scope of the study, study methodology, contributions of the study, and the structure of this study.
REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE STUDY Banks hold the most influential position in the financial sector and are essential in driving economic development worldwide through their multifaceted roles as financial intermediaries, funds facilitators, and supporters (Malik, Awais and Khursheed 2016; Mohanty and Mehrotra 2018). The banks are not only the storehouses of the economy’s wealth but also provide funds for resource mobilization for the businesses (Salim and Bilal 2016). Besides, the bank plays a crucial role in engaging in significant activities on both sides of the balance sheet. On the asset side, they strengthen the flow of funds by providing essential cash to short-term users through lending.
Simultaneously, on the liability side, they accumulate liquidity from savers, meaning the bank will both mobilize and receive deposits with an appropriate deposit rate to source capital from various customer bases, thereby playing a role in influencing how the overall financial system operates (Arif and Anees 2012; Diamond and Rajan 2001; Golubeva, Duljic and Keminen 2019). In summary, this indicates that banks play an important role in efficiently transferring capital from surplus economic units to deficit economic units (Tesfaye 2012) and is heightened significant attention from policymakers, leadership, and investors. Due to the multifaceted roles of the banking sector, which involves maintaining the balance between money supply and demand, diversifying its functions, and fulfilling its tasks by providing a wide range of products and services to different entities on various scales, banks may be exposed to various risks such as credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, market risk, and operational risk, all of 13 which impact the banks' profitability (Arif and Anees 2012; Chen et al. Among these risks, liquidity risk stands out as one of the most influential risks, a significant risk in banking operations and liquidity management that has received considerable attention worldwide, mainly from regulators and policy-makers or most institutions involved in global economic fluctuations (Alalade, Ogbebor and Akwe 2020; Hacini, Boulenfad and Dahou 2021).
Effective liquidity risk management ensures the bank has enough cash and resources to meet customer payment and withdrawal demands in all situations. Liquidity shortages pose a significant threat not only to individual banks but also to the overall stability of the financial system. When a bank experiences a liquidity shortfall, it may be unable to meet its obligations to depositors and other creditors, leading to a domino effect of financial distress. This can have far- reaching consequences, including a decline in asset prices, increased market volatility, and even a systemic crisis, impacting the bank's profitability.
Therefore, banks must prioritize effective liquidity risk management, ensuring they conserve enough liquidity and are prepared to navigate various challenges, potential losses, or vulnerabilities in funding sources (Hlebik and Ghillani 2017). According to Khan and Ali (2016) and Mohanty and Mehrotra (2018), liquidity and profitability are fundamental concepts in the corporate domain. For banks, liquidity holds immense significance because it will impact on their profitability (Charmler et al. 2018; Hacini, Boulenfad and Dahou 2021), with liquidity risk serving as a crucial determinant impacting bank's profitability (Almazari 2014; Chen et al.
As presented above, the primary function of banks is to gather funds from the public through deposits and then utilize these funds, along with their resources, to promptly meet customers’ demands (Malik, Awais and Khursheed 2016; Mohanty and Mehrotra 2018). To achieve this, banks must strike a delicate balance between adequate liquidity and maximizing profits. Profitability is crucial for the sustainability of any commercial entity, and it reflects the relationship between the amount of profit earned and various other factors. However, compared to other businesses, banks must emphasize on balancing profitability and liquidity 14 (Mohanty and Mehrotra 2018).